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712: Research II > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of research?

A
  • basic/fundamental

- applied

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2
Q

Describe basic research

A

This type of research is motivated by a desire to expand knowledge and involves the acquisition of knowledge for knowledge sake

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3
Q

Describe applied research

A

This type of research is directed towards functional applications and testing

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4
Q

How basic and applied research compliment each other?

A

Basic research answers the initial question of how things work. This knowledge is then applied to make improvements on existing products, technologies and processes.

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5
Q

Define blind study

A

A test or experiment in which information about the test that might lead to bias in the results is concealed from the tester, the subject, or both until after the test.

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6
Q

When does a blind study become double blind?

A

When both the tester and subject are unaware of specific information that may lead to biases

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7
Q

Define control group

A

The group that receives either no treatment or the “standard treatment”

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8
Q

Define experimental group

A

The group of subjects who are exposed to the variable during a study

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9
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, and adverse events in an attempt to improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project

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10
Q

Define validity

A

The ability of a measure to capture what is intended to capture

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11
Q

What are the 4 forms of measurement validity?

A
  • face validity
  • content validity
  • construct validity
  • criterion validity
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12
Q

Describe face validity

A

A simple form of validity in which researchers determine if the test seems to measure what is intended to measure.
Essentially, researchers are simply taking the validity of the test at face value by looking at whether a test appears to measure the target variable.

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13
Q

How is content validity determined?

A

Based on whether or not all of the relevant facets of the variable being measured in represented.

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14
Q

What is construct validity?

A

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring

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15
Q

How is criterion validity determined?

A

Based on the degree to which it’s scores are related to sources from a reference standard

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16
Q

What are the 2 methods for evaluating criterion validity?

A
  • Concurrent

- Predictive

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17
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

A measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure

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18
Q

What is predictive

A

The extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure

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19
Q

Comparing the test with an established measure is known as _____ validity; testing it over a period of time is known as ______ validity.

A

concurrent

predictive

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20
Q

What is internal validity?

A

the degree to which the relationship between two independent and dependent variables is free from the effects of extraneous factors

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21
Q

What does internal validity refer to?

A

the machines, subjects, etc. that are used and under your control

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22
Q

What does external validity refer to?

A

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or extended to others outside the experimental situation

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23
Q

Define sensitivity

A

the fraction of those with the disease that are correctly identified as positive by the test

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24
Q

Define specificity

A

the fraction of those without the disease that are correctly identified as negative by the test

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25
Q

_____ ______ are the people who have the disease and whose test came up positive

A

True positives

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26
Q

_____ ______ are the people who do not have the disease and whose test came up negative

A

True negatives

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27
Q

_____ ______ are the people who have the disease but their test came up negative

A

False negatives

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28
Q

_____ ______ are the people who do not have the disease but their test came up positive

A

False positive

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29
Q

A _____-referenced test judges an individual’s performance off of the group’s performance

A

norm

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30
Q

A _____-referenced test judges an individual’s performance based off of an absolute standard

A

criterion

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31
Q

The independent variable is labeled as what?

A

x

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32
Q

The dependent variable is labeled as what?

A

y

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33
Q

What are the 4 levels of measurement from most to least specific?

A
  • ratio
  • interval
  • ordinal
  • nominal
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34
Q

Describe the ratio scale

A

This scale classifies things in rank order with a known equal distance between categories and a known empirical zero point

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35
Q

What are a few examples of ratio data?

A
  • height
  • weight
  • circumference
  • blood pressure
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36
Q

Describe the interval scale

A

This scale classifies things in rank order with a known equal distance between categories but lacks a known empirical zero point

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37
Q

What are a couple examples of interval data?

A
  • temperature

- calendar year

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38
Q

Describe the ordinal scale

A

This scale classifies objects things in rank order but lacks the mathematical properties of a known equal distance between categories

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39
Q

What are a few examples of ordinal data?

A
  • weight-bearing status
  • level of assistance needed
  • MMT grades
  • patient satisfaction
40
Q

Describe the nominal scale

A

This scale classifies objects things but lack rank order and a known equal distance between categories

41
Q

What are a few examples of nominal data?

A
  • Gender
  • Race/Ethnicity
  • Religious affiliation
42
Q

Describe the Likert scale

A

It is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires.

  • agree, somewhat agree, disagree, etc.
43
Q

What are 3 measures of central tendency?

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
44
Q

What is the best measure of central tendency?

A

the mean because it is more precise

45
Q

Which measure of central tendency is preferred if the data is severely skewed?

A

the median

46
Q

What are 3 measures of dispersion?

A
  • range
  • variance
  • standard deviation
47
Q

What can be defined as the variability of a score within a distribution?

A

variance

48
Q

How is standard deviation calculated?

A

By taking the square root of the variance

49
Q

What does the area under the curve equal?

A

1.0

50
Q

What percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean?

A

68%

51
Q

What percentage of scores fall within two standard deviations of the mean?

A

96%

52
Q

What percentage of scores fall within three standard deviations of the mean?

A

99.7%

53
Q

What is the research hypothesis?

A

The initial research question developed in the intro

54
Q

What does the null hypothesis state?

A

There is no difference between populations

55
Q

When are the null and alternate hypotheses developed?

A

in the methods section

56
Q

When does a type I error occur?

A

when you reject a null hypothesis that is true

57
Q

Therefore, a type I error is aka what?

A

a false positive

58
Q

What Greek letter represents a type I error?

A

alpha

59
Q

When does a type II error occur?

A

when you accept a null hypothesis that is false

60
Q

Therefore, a type II error is aka what?

A

A False Negative

61
Q

What Greek letter represents a type II error?

A

beta

62
Q

What are correlation coefficients used to do?

A

quantitatively describe the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

63
Q

Given y = a + bx

What does y equal?
What does a equal?
What does b equal?
What does x equal?

A

y is the dependent variable
a is the constant (y-intercept)
b is the slope
x is the independent variable

64
Q

What does r² represent?

A

The coefficient of determination

65
Q

What is the coefficient of determination?

A

the amount of variance that can be accounted for by the value of another variable

66
Q

What does R represent?

A

The Multiple Correlation Coefficient

67
Q

What is a Multiple Correlation Coefficient?

A

a measure of the strength of the association between the independent variables and the one dependent variable

68
Q

What is regression analysis?

A

a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables

69
Q

What is a likelihood ratio?

A

the likelihood that a given test result would be expected in a patient with the target disorder compared to the likelihood that that same result would be expected in a patient without the target disorder

70
Q

In regards to research designs, what does A represent?

A

the baseline data

71
Q

In regards to research designs, what does B represent?

A

the treatment data

72
Q

When is an A-B-A design used?

A

to examine before, during and after a treatment

73
Q

When is an A-B-A-B design used?

A

When there is an improvement (decrease in pain, increase in ROM, etc.) following the A-B-A design

74
Q

When is an A-B-C design used?

A

When there are 2 experimental treatment groups

75
Q

What are 2 approaches to subject selection?

A
  • probabilistic sampling

- non-probabilistic sampling

76
Q

What does probabilistic sampling refer to?

A

the method for randomly selecting subjects for participation in a study

77
Q

What are 4 types of probabilistic samplings?

A

1) Simple Random Sampling
2) Systematic Sampling
3) Stratified Sampling
4) Cluster Sampling

78
Q

Describe a simple random sample

A

A completely random form of sampling in that every object has the same probability of being chosen

79
Q

Describe a systematic sampling techniques

A

A type of sampling technique in which subjects are chosen at a specified interval (evens, odds, every three, etc.)

80
Q

Describe stratified sampling techniques

A

Individuals are grouped into homogeneous groups (freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors) and then randomly selected from each group

81
Q

Describe cluster/multistage sampling techniques

A

Large subgroups (clusters) are randomly selected first, and smaller units from these clusters are selected.

10 schools are chosen at random.
1 class from each school is selected at random.
4 students from each class are selected at random
82
Q

What does non-probabilistic sampling refer to?

A

the method for choosing subjects that does not involve a random selection process

83
Q

What are 3 types of non-probabilistic samplings?

A

1) Convenience Sampling
2) Snowball Sampling
3) Purposive Sampling

84
Q

Describe convenience sampling

A

subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher

85
Q

Describe snowball sampling

A

Research finds one subject, that one subject then finds a few more subjects, who then go and find a few more, to where the sample group snowballs

86
Q

Describe purposive sampling

A

Type of non-probability sampling in which the researcher has a specific subject in mind and choices are made carefully

87
Q

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 2 independent groups?

A

unpaired t-test

88
Q

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 3 or independent groups?

A

ANOVA (f-test)

89
Q

What test compares ordinal data arranged in 2 independent groups?

A

Mann-Whitney U

90
Q

What test compares ordinal data arranged in 3 or more independent groups?

A

Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA

91
Q

What test compares nominal data arranged in frequency counts?

A

Chi-Square

92
Q

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 2 dependent groups?

A

paired t-test

93
Q

What test compares parametric (ratio or interval) data arranged in 3 or dependent groups?

A

repeated measures ANOVA

94
Q

What test compares non-parametric (ordinal or nominal) data arranged in 2 dependent groups?

A

Wilcoxon test

95
Q

What test compares non-parametric (ordinal or nominal) data arranged in 3 or more dependent groups?

A

Friedman’s test

96
Q

Define Meta Analysis

A

The statistical procedure of combining data from multiple sources

97
Q

Define systematic review

A

The process of searching, appraising, and summarizing information on a selected topic

712: Research II (2 decks)

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