Review Flashcards
1
Q
Carl Linnaeus
A
Father of taxonomy
2
Q
Science of naming and organizing organisms
A
Taxonomy
3
Q
Binomial name consists of two parts:
A
Genus name and specific epithet
4
Q
What parts of the the binomial name is capitalized and italicized?
A
Genus is capitalized and epithet is italicized
5
Q
Rule of priority
A
Once species has official named, the name cannot change unless it turns out it’s not a new species
6
Q
Holotype
A
Example of new species that is being studied
7
Q
Interspecific variation
A
Differences between two species
8
Q
Intraspecific variation
A
Differences within same species
9
Q
Sexual dimorphism
A
Difference between male and female in same species
10
Q
Ontogenetic variation
A
Difference between young and old individuals of same species
11
Q
Taphonomic variation
A
Fossils having variation due to plastic deformation
12
Q
Biological species concept
A
Species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed
13
Q
Problems with biological species concept
A
Can’t see if fossils can mate and doesn’t account for asexual reproduction
14
Q
Population
A
Group of organisms living in same geographic location and interbreed
15
Q
Morphological species concept
A
A species is a group of organisms that share a certain degree of physical similarity
16
Q
Lumpers
A
Paleontologists who require two species to have more differences to be considered different species
17
Q
Splitters
A
Paleontologists who require fewer differences to consider two species distinct
18
Q
Hesperonychus
A
Had unique features on pelvis
19
Q
The differential success of certain variations of a heritable trait because of competition for limited resources leads to change over time
A
Theory of Evolution
20
Q
Competitive selective process where detrimental traits are discarded and advantageous traits are retained
A
Natural selection
21
Q
Organisms are grouped based in the their most recent…
A
Shared common ancestor
22
Q
All Dino’s evolved from a single species of
A
Amniote tetrapod
23
Q
A heritable trait that can be described or labelled
A
Character
24
Q
Present in two or more groups and their common ancestor but not in any more distant groups
A
Shared derived character
25
Another word for a shared derived character
Synapomorphy
26
Evolution of similar traits in two different lineages
Convergent evolution
27
Wings made of one finger bone and membrane
Pterosaurs
28
Wings made of multiple finger bones and membrane
Bats
29
Occam’s razor aka parsimony
The simplest answer is usually right
30
Scientific term for family tree
Phylogenetic tree
31
Two branches of a family tree diverge and show a common ancestor
Node
32
A group of species that share a node
Clade
33
Thomas Henery Huxley
First scientist to recognized birds came from dinosaurs
34
Archaeopteryx
Missing link between Dino’s and birds
35
Sinosauropteryx
First non avian Dino to be discover with feathers
36
Tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus
Big Dino with feathers
37
Problem with bird definition being Archaeopteryx and all of it’s descendants
Archaeopteryx more closely related to theropods than modern birds
38
Problem with bird definition being feathered dinos
Too many species
39
Problem with bird definition being flying dinos
Hard to tell which dinos could fly as opposed to gliding
40
Problem with bird definition being crown dinos (last common ancestor of all extant birds and descendants)
Does recognize many flying dinos more closely related to modern birds than to archaeopteryx as birds
41
Which definition is favoured for birds
Crown dinosaurs
42
Principle of superposition
Tendency of rock layers to be chronologically stacked
43
How does igneous rock mess with superposition
It cuts vertically into rock layers cause these layers to tilt, flip or fold them
44
Stratigraphy
Science of using the arrangement and composition of rock layers to interpret geological history
45
Large uninterrupted sequence of rock that is made of multiple layers that all share similar properties and formed under similar conditions
Formation
46
What does change of a formation to another suggest?
Indicates large scale change occurred where the rocks were being deposited
47
To age rocks in absolute terms you would conduct…
Radiometric dating
48
What happens to the isotope: decay product ratio as a rock ages?
Decreases
49
What’s the issue with sedimentary rock and radio dating?
Sedimentary rock is formed from old rocks that may have already undergone radioactive decay
50
What rock works really well with radio dating?
Igneous
51
What is a key tool in fossil dating?
Volcanic ash
52
Largest units of time scale and those following
Eons, eras, periods, epochs
53
Earth surface was primarily molten
Hadean period
54
Small planetoids collided with earth forming the moon
Hadean eon
55
At the end the earth cooled and large oceans covered the surface
Hadean eon
56
Oldest known fossils come from
Archean eon
57
Large production oxygen from Cyanobacteria occurs in the
Archean eon
58
First multicellular organisms evolved in the
Proterozoic eon
59
Large forms of life with some hard parts including first animals spawned in the
Ediacaran period
60
Subdivided into 3 eras
Phanerozoic eon
61
Animal life is invertebrates in the ocean but near the end there is forests with reptiles, amphibians and insects
Palaeozoic era
62
Dramatic diversification of aquatic life
Cambrian explosion
63
Global sea levels rose and fish became dominant large aquatic animal
Ordovician Period
64
Fish evolve jaws and become predatory and terrestrial plants flourish
Silurian period
65
First true sharks (lobe finned fishapods) appeared
Devonian period
66
First amniotes evolved
Carboniferous period
67
Most coal comes from the
Carboniferous period
68
Pangea formed in the
Permian period
69
Reptiles formed 3 main lineages in the
Permian period
70
Greatest mass extinction occurred in the
Permian period
71
Age of dinosaurs
Mesozoic Era
72
First flowering plants evolved in which era
Mesozoic era
73
Turtles, snakes, lizards and crocs cam from which era
Mesozoic era
74
Age of mammals
Cenozoic era
75
Grasses became abundant in the
Cenozoic era
76
Primates, bats and whales formed
Paleogene period
77
Global temp starts to decrease
Paleogene period
78
Hominids evolved in Africa in the
Neogene period
79
Ice age and humans spread
Quaternary period
80
Pangea broke apart in the
Triassic period
81
Ichthyosaur means
Fish lizard
82
First ichyosaurs and plesiosaurs evolved in the
Triassic period
83
Pterosaurs arrived in the
Triassic period
84
Peak of sauropod diversity
Jurassic period
85
First ankylosaurs, stegos, ceratops, ornithopods appeared
Jurassic period
86
First birds evolved in the
Jurassic period
87
Pterodacyloids appeared in
Jurassic period
88
How did pterodactyloids differ from pterosaurs
Pterodactyloids had large head crests
89
First flowering plants evolved in which period
Early Cretaceous
90
Mosasaurs appeared in the
Early Cretaceous period
91
Apex of non avian Dino diversity
Late Cretaceous period
92
Ankylosaurs diverged into two groups in the
Late Cretaceous period
93
What’s the difference between the two ankylosaur groups (anklyosaurids and nodosaurids)
Clubs and non clubs respectively
94
Titanosaurids became the dominant herbivore in the Cretaceous period in which hemisphere?
South
95
Meteor hit in which period
Late Cretaceous period
96
Alfred Wegener
Suggested a super continent but didn’t know about plates
97
Outer most layer of the earth
Crust
98
Below the crust there is the
Mantel
99
Upper solid portion of the mantel
Lithosphere
100
Lower viscous portion of mantle
Asthenosphere
101
What is below the mantle
Core
102
What is the core primarily composed of
Nickel and iron
103
Composed of a molten outer layer and solid ball interior
Core
104
What portion are plates apart of?
Lithosphere
105
Super ocean
Panthalassa
106
Diplodocids
Larger than sauropods that evolved during early Jurassic
107
Hind legs are longer than front legs, have a horse or deer like skull, peg like teeth
Diplodocids
108
Had longer front legs than hind legs, broad teeth
Macronarians
109
Niche partitioning
Similar animals avoid direct competition
110
Thyreophorans
Small orinithischians with body armour ex: stego
111
Found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America
Stego
112
Allosauroids
Carnivore with rigid spine and big feet making it fast
113
Coelurosaurus
Small carnivore, long series of sacral vertebrae, fast
114
When did Pangea split?
Jurassic period
115
Laurasia
Northern split of Pangea
116
Gondwana
Southern split of Pangea
117
What continent did ceratops evolve?
Asia
118
Iguandonts, ankylosaur and sauropods were present in…
Europe, North America
119
Spinosaurus common where?
Africa
120
Was it Gondwana or laurasia where sauropods went extinct and where did they thrive?
Extinct in Laurasia and thrived in Gondwana
121
Diplodocids went extinct at the start of the Cretaceous and this Dino popped up
Titanosaurs
122
Most robust sauropods, had osteoderms
Titanosaurs
123
Largest creature to ever walk the earth
Argentinosaurus
124
Had longer jaws and had bigger heads than allosauroid
Carcharontosaurus
125
Hardosaurs and ankylosaurs were rare in
South America
126
In North America there was little
Sauropods
127
In the Jurassic period these two types of dinosaurs become common across the globe
Iguanodont, ornithopods
128
Northern hemispheres most successful herbivore
Hadrosaur
129
Lambeosaurine
Big crest hadrosaur with instrument
130
Similar to lambeosaurine
Hadrosaurines
131
Marginocephalians
Fringe head herbivores ex: ceratops, pachycephalosaurs
132
Psittacosaurus
Bipedal primitive ceratops
133
Orinthomimids
Ostrich T. rex
134
Semilunate carpal
Crescent shape bones that allowed hand to fold backward
135
Maniraptorans
Have semilunate carpal
136
Oviraptorosaurs
Vegetarian maniraptorans
137
Faunal interchange
Dinos from one region move to another leading to similar species in different regions
138
Alberta’s dinos are similar to
Mongolian
139
Golf stream flow
Gulf of Mexico to Western Europe
140
Laramidia
West North America
141
Appalachia
Easter North America
142
Fenestrae
Additional holes in the skull that do not house sensory organs
143
Anapsids
Lack fenestrae
144
Synapids
Amniotes with one fenestrae on each lateral side of their skull
145
Dimetrodon is a
Synapsids
146
Diapsids are further divided into two groups:
Lepidosauromorphs and archsauromorphs
147
Archsauromophs
Daipsids with additional antorbit fenestrae and mandibular fenestrae
148
Lepidosaurmorphs
No additional fenestrae
149
Avemetatarsalians
Archosaurs with hinge like ankles
150
Avemetatarsalian and psuedosuchains are linages of
Archosaurs
151
Gorgonopsids, dicynodonts and cynodonts are all
Synapsids
152
First true mammals appeared in what period
Triassic
153
What’s a major difference between dinosaurs and dinosaursmorphs
Hip sockets with a hole through it
154
How many mass extinctions were there?
Five
155
Ordovician mass extinction only affected
Marine organisms
156
Devonian mass extinction affected
Mostly marine organisms
157
What was the largest extinction
Permian
158
Which extinction saw the most linages of pseudosuchian archosaurs
Triassic
159
Tektites
Tiny pieces of rock that have melted and cooled
160
Shocked quartz
Minerals that can only be made by powerful shock waves like a nuke or meteor
161
What’s are signs of meteor impact
Shocked quartz and tektites
162
Cenotes
Limestone sink holes
163
Where did the meteor hit
Yucatan pennisula
164
