Review Flashcards
Developing a mission statement
1. Individual
Demographics
- population ageing
- large gap b/t young consumers and tech, and older consumers
- regional differences (high pop of specific races)
- obesity growing epidemic (mainly childhood)
Developing a mission statement
1. individual
Technology
changes how we plan for and experience leisure.
- 8-18 years old spend nearly 8 hrs/day on screen time
Developing a mission statement
1. individual
Economics
- how much money for recreation?
- discretionary income of target market?
- Market share increasing or decreasing
- competition?
Developing a mission statement
1. individual
Political
- are elected officials supportive of recreation or not?
- what are the prominent attitudes surrounding public recreation
Developing a mission statement
2.Organization
important to identify strengths and weaknesses to discover competence that results in a competitive advantage in the market
Developing a mission statement
2. Organization
Resource dependancy
survival depends on successfully acquiring the resources needed to deliver services to client groups Ex: -city wanted to offer spin classes but we had no bikes, place to put bikes, money to buy bikes -want to offer drums alive class but there are no qualified instructors in the city
Developing a mission statement
2. Organization
Organization Category
Different agencies offer different services b/c of the social ends they are organized to promote
Ex. The Girl Scouts offer different programming than the YWCA. Although they may serve similar youth, their program services differ because their perceived social missions differ.
Developing a mission statement
2. Organization
Internal Evaluation of the Organization
Evaluating your strengths and weaknesses
8 different types of organizations
public, voluntary, non-profit, commercial, private, armed forces, campus recreation, corporate recreation, and therapeutic recreation.
Developing a mission statement
2. Organization
External Evaluation of the organization
To obtain a comprehensive view of the organization’s strengths and weaknesses, it is essential to get the publics perception of the organization.
Developing a mission statement
3. Assessing Community Needs
Community Needs
What organizations and interest groups the organization must deal with in the community.
Various public and special interest groups who may influence the organizations functioning in the community
Who the organization will need to compete with directly
The larger social forces that will influence program services and client wants.
Developing a mission statement
3. Assessing Community Needs
Recreation and the Public Interest
Recreation is considered a public service equivalent with education, libraries, police protection etc.
What the public interest is in a specific community varies from community to community depending on each community’s defined needs and resources.
Developing a mission statement
3.Assessing Community Needs
Assessing leisure opportunities
Assessing the range of options in a community, the role of each provider in the community and the macro environment affecting the community.
Inventory of Leisure Opportunities.
Developing a mission statement
3. Assessing Community Needs
Community Partnerships
The adequacy of cooperation and coordination should also be assessed.
Joint ventures, joint programs, sharing of resources, facilities and staff, coordinated scheduling, etc.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths- internal
Weaknesses- internal
Opportunities- external
Threats- external
Strengths
- capabilities
- competitive Advantages
- resources
- location
- management capacities
- trademarks
Weaknesses
- gaps in capabilities
- lack of competitive strength
- Financial management
- reputation
- employee morale
- high turnover
Opportunities
- market developments
- competitors vulnerabilities
- demographic and lifestyle trends
- partnerships
- expansion
Threats
- legal and political forced
- demographic and lifestyle changes
- technological forces
- declining market demand
Developing Strategic Directions: Writing Program Management Goals
Hierarchy
Mission statement (biggest)
Goals (middle)
objectives (smallest)
-mission statements are not measurable therefore, a series of goals and objectives must be developed as a means of operationalizing and measuring an organizations mission statements
Strategic goals
- short range goals of 3-5 years
- not measurable
- must be broken down further into measurable statements
What is a program?
designed opportunity for leisure experiences to occur
- can be a single activity or an event that takes place over a number of weeks.
ex: cooking classes or a tennis skills workshop
Leisure- a state of mind
-Perceived Freedom
deciding what you want to do and when you want to do it
- time not obligated to work, family, friends, etc
- freedom from social roles
Leisure- a state of mind
-Intrinsic movivation
people will feel this way when they are developing competence, self expression, self development, or self realization
Leisure- a state of mind
-Variety of activities
Different people find different things satisfying based on things such as their skill level, their socialization skills, and previous opportunities they have had to experience it
What people get out of leisure
Perceived Freedom Intrinsic Motivation Variety of activities Unobligated block of time Personal Engagement Social Interaction
Types of leisure experiences
Games Sport Recreation Play Tourism Events
Games
Formal rules that define interaction.
Attempt to equalize the participants.
Define the role that skill and chance will have in determining the outcome.
-Leisure services professionals must understand the function of rules in games, because much game programming involves modifying rules or facilities to allow those with insufficient skills to participate.
Recreation
-Not only good for individuals, but good for society.
Socially acceptable and moral.
Leisure is for personal and social benefits.
It is literally a Re-Creation of Self.
Leisure is good for society it enables individuals to recuperate and restore themselves in order to accomplish more work.
It’s also good for society because it is a diversion from negative conditions such as war, economic depression, etc.
Play
No Purpose Voluntary Fun Unstructured -Spontaneous, non-serious, no rules. Most difficult forms of leisure to program due to it’s spontaneous nature.
Sport
Physical Exertion (makes it unique from everyday life)
Rules (very standardized)
Competition
Tourism
Escape and renewal from work
Escape from routine
Tourist: Someone who travels more than eighty kilometers from home.
-Travel is for restoration, change of pace and individual purposes.
Event
Infrequent
Change of pace
Different format of participation
Examples: Award nights & openings
Leisure is experienced in 3 phases
- Anticipation
- Participation
- Reflection
Anticipation
Building excitement prior to onset of program. Can do so through advertising, save the dates, registration procedures etc
Reflection
Post program interventions. Post game debriefing, publishing photographs, staging reunions, and
Leisure Objects
Receive our focused attention and are consciously dealt with during interaction.
People act toward objects on the basis of the meanings that the objects have for them and their meaning is derived through interaction.
3 categories of leisure objects
- Physical (bats, balls & craft supplies)
- Social (objects refer to other people)
- Symbolic (ideas, philosophies and doctrine that influence behavior)
Six key elements of program concepts
- Interacting People
- Physical Setting
- Leisure Objects
- Structure
- Relationship
- Animation
- Interacting People
Programmers are required to:
a)Anticipate who participants will be and design a program
Or
b)Design the program for a specific type of participant and then recruit
-important to understand the needs of different age groups
-physical, social and psychological development of individuals, gender, age, skill level and other pertinent information about them
- Interacting People – Age Related Phases
Infancy:New Born - 2 yrs old
Dependent on parents/care givers
- Interacting People – Age Related Phases
Preschool: 3-4 yrs old
Child-centered play Careful supervision Gross motor development Short attention span Need for immediate gratification
- Interacting People - Age Related Phases
Childhood: 5-11 yrs
Increased social skills
Awareness of others
Fine motor skill development
Creativity and competency
- Interacting People - Age Related Phases
Adolescence: 12-18 yrs
Finding meaningful relationships
Social awkwardness
Peer acceptance
Autonomy often spurs conflict between adolescence and parents
- Interacting People - Age Related Phases
Adulthood: 19-60 yrs
Wisdom and expertise develop with learning and knowledge
Social commitments may involve children, work, civic responsibilities
- Interacting People - Age Related Phases
Older Adulthood: 60+
Marked by age-related physical and biological change
Retirement influenced by factors of socio-economic status.
- Interacting People
Cohort
A group of individuals who were born in the same time interval
- Interacting People
Demographics
Data relating to the population and particular groups within it Secondary research Age Family Structure Education Level Income Location Gender
- Interacting People
Macro Segmentation
Developing services for a cohort of individuals who are seeking similar benefits from participation in recreation programs.
- Interacting People
Micro-Segmentation
Cohorts are identified by using variables from one of three categories:
- Geographic (neighbourhood)
- Sociodemographic (age, gender)
- Behavioural descriptors (usage rate)
- The Physical Setting
Includes one or more of the following sensory components: Visual Aural Olfactory Tactile Taste
If the setting changes the program itself will change. For example, indoor volleyball versus beach volleyball.
Sometimes the setting is so important that if you try to duplicate a successful program in a different setting it will fail.
- Leisure Objects
There are three types of objects:
- Physical
- Social
- SymbolicOnly need key objects present for a program to occur and be successful.
- Structure
A set of rules and program formats that guide interaction in a program. Well written rules can foster perceived freedom. Types of formats: Workshops, clinics, classes Competitions Clubs Special Events Drop-in
- Relationships
How do relationships affect the program?
Is it necessary for participants to have a relationship? If yes, then do ice breakers or other activities to introduce participants.
Do not force relationships if they are not necessary for success of program.
Programmers cannot assume that it is best to always foster or create relationships between individuals who attend an event.
- Animation
How the program is set into motion.
How individuals participate in a program.
Having a leader is one way to animate a program. A very good leader can make a program very successful. Repeat attempts of same program with a different instructor may fail.
Outcome-based Programming
Developed to address the overall effects, benefits, and changes to individuals as a result of being in a recreation program.
Identifying benefits for participants as a result of participation in specific recreation programs.
Personal Benefits
- Improves posture, flexibility, muscular endurance, strength and balance.
- Stimulates circulation.
- Creates muscle tone.
- Promotes proper breathing.
- Rehabilitates under-used or healing muscles (aquatic therapy).
- Improves one’s ability to control and maintain a healthy weight.
- Helps to combat the aging process.
- Workouts can be tailored to fit the needs of the individual.
- Its low impact…the water makes the body almost weightless, greatly diminishing the impact on joints.
- Great cardiovascular workout (swimming has a calorie-burning potential of 350-420 calories per hour).
- Uses almost all the major muscle groups, and places a vigorous demand on your heart and lungs.
- For some disabled and elderly persons gives a sense of freedom as they can freely move around in the water and be upright in a standing position
Social Benefits
Getting to know people
Group participation
Interaction of adults and kids
Community awareness
Economic Benefits
- reduced health care costs
- ppl become more productive
- tourism
- fees
Environmental Benefits
Fresh air
Nature
A place to be outdoors
Evolution of Economic Value and Activity
Where we are today
Now, in the 21st century people believe we are moving into the experience economy wherein commodities, goods, and services are most successfully sold when they are marketed as contributing to an experience.
-Its all about the experience
Leisure Products
Product is an inclusive term used to identify:
Goods
Services
Experiences
that can be brought to the market place and sold.
Goods=Physical entities
Supplies & Equipment
Supplies – consumable products used while participating in leisure
Golf balls, camera film, art supplies
Equipment – no consumable product used to participate in leisure
Rackets, ballet shoes, scuba equipment, golf clubs
Services = Intangible entity
An activity carried out on the customer’s
behalf. The customer does not possess a
physical item as a result of the purchase.
Types of Services
1. Personal Services
A helpful function related to leisure participation for which a fee is charged.
Examples: Locker rentals, sale of guide services, repair services, maintenance services, massages.
Types of Services
2. Equipment and Venue Rentals
The rental of recreation and leisure equipment and venue space.
Experience = Pleasant Memories
A series of staged events that engage a participant and result in pleasant, recallable memories
2 types of experiences:
Activities
Events
Types of experience
Activities
Focused participation in a specific occasion of interaction.
Example: Baseball with specific objects, rules, and physical spaces.
They are the primary unit to be packaged for sale.
Types of experience
Events
A collection of activities organized around a theme or purpose. They may become a special event if there is something unique about them.
Examples: Parade, health fair, sports tournament.
Goal
A desired future outcome that an organization strives to achieve
Objectives
Specific statements that describe how the goal will be accomplished.
Writing Goals
Infinitive (“to” followed by a verb)
Subject
Measurement Device
SMART Goals
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timely
Mission Statements
A broad declaration of an organization’s purpose that identifies the organization’s products and customers and distinguishes the organization from its competitors.
Mission Statements
Ask 3 Questions:
- Who are our customers?
- What customer needs are being satisfied?
- How are we satisfying these needs?
Needs Assessment
Citizen participation in decision making is the essence of needs assessment.
Why?
-Because the more information the programmer has about the needs, preferences, and habits of potential participants, the higher the probability for developing a successful program.
Needs Assessment fulfill two objectives
- Helps agencies determine the direction they will take in developing programs.
- Incorporates citizen input into the decision making process.
Needs Assessment perform two major functions
- Generates program ideas.
2. Allows for input from the community and provides an opportunity for the agency to respond to the community
Will a needs assessment lead to a clear course of action a programmer should follow
No, but it will help clear up some of the uncertainty about which programs should be developed
Needs assessment can provide the agency to (blank) (blank) the (blanks) who will be affected by the affected by the agency’s actions
better understand the individuals
Needs assessment can help establish priorities amoung……..
alternative courses of action
Needs
A state of deprivation
-Human Beings want to participate in recreation and leisure activities. It is an innate sense.
Interests
An awareness or feeling about what one would like to do or acquire.
Interests are learned and are influenced by social forces.
Wants
Perceived to be needed - but not necessarily required.
A learned behavior pattern for satisfying specific needs.
Example: Individuals need a hockey stick to play hockey but they want an expensive hockey stick.
Intentions
The commitment to acquire specific satisfiers of wants under given market conditions.
It is important to
understand who actually intends to participate in a program under defined market condition.
From Interest to Intention
Interest in=
low level motivation
From Interest to Intention
Wants to =
stronger motivation
From Interest to Intention
Intends to =
Strong commitment
Normative Needs
Standards set by professionals or experts.
Reflect needs of majority.
-the need documented is the difference between what a community or neighbourhood may have and what the normative standards suggests they should have.
Need can be manipulated by supply and demand. If there is a large gap between what you have and what you want the greater need you will feel.
Felt Needs
- Perceptions about what an individual believes he or she would like to do.
- Needs not being accommodated.
- Are shaped by social forces that lead people to think they are lacking in something and need to fulfill it.
Expressed Needs
Needs that are fulfilled through actual participation.
-If the activity went away the expressed need would become a felt need demanding attention and resources.
Comparative Needs
Variations in services provided or variation in access to leisure opportunities experienced by different groups.
Ex. Day time workers versus night time workers or weekday versus weekend or part time vrs full time.
Two methods for conducting needs assessments
- Group Approaches
- Citizen Advisory Committees, public meetings and workshops, unstructured inputs and structured exploratory interviews, and surveys. - Surveys
Citizen Advisory Committees
Community residents who are either appointed or elected to a committee whose responsibility is to advise the agency staff or board.
Dangers of Citizen Advisory Committess
People often form groups to lobby for very narrow interests rather than to represent the general public interest. (Chief Whitecap Park)
Lakeview Park Lights, Garbage Pick Up.
Positives of the Citizen Advisory Committees
citizen advisory groups assume that because of their knowledge and interest, they will consider all dimensions of an issue.
Public Meetings & Workshops
A meeting open to the entire community used to solicit input on leisure needs.
Two way communication to facilitate dialogue about an issue.
Negatives of Public Meetings & Workshops
likely those who have the strongest opinions either for or against an issue who will show up.
It can sometimes be tough to determine whether opinions expressed at these meetings represent the view of the general population.
Interviews
Meeting in which information is obtained.
Unscheduled Interviews
-Unsolicited comments from patrons
-Face –to –face interviews
or telephone calls
-Public complaints, compliments,
& suggestions
Scheduled interviews
Focus Groups
- A facilitator is present
- Participants are selected (6 – 10)
- Interview is conducted
- Results are analysed
Use focus groups to:
- Solicit patrons opinions/impressions about new -program concepts.
- Stimulate new ideas about older programs.
- Generate new ideas for programs.
- To interpret previously obtained quantitative results.
- Receive feedback on implemented programs.
Surveys
An excellent method to gather information but poor at giving information to the public.
A properly conducted survey can be the most representative view of all citizens.
Program Design Goals
Give form and direction to the program.
Articulate what is supposed to happen to people as a result of their participation.
Two types of Program Design Goals
- X Goals
2. Y Goals
- X Goals
Intervetion Goals = Staff Based
- how staff will stage events and intervene to accomplish participant outcomes.
- X occurs before Y in the design process. However imagining Y already occurring will help to develop X.
- Y Goals
Outcome Goals = Participant Based
- Y statements vividly describe the experience to be created.
- The more precise and descriptive the programmer can be with the outcome goals (Y), the easier it will be to design and stage a program to elicit these responses.
Terminal Performance Objectives
The most specific Y statement which states an observable behaviour by the participant. (Measurable)
The bottom of the goal hierarchy.
X Interventions
- To teach students three songs during the class that use three chords.
- To dedicate 10 minutes of each class teaching the students to identify the parts of their guitars.
Y Outcomes
- By the end of class, students will be able to play at least 3 songs with 3 different chords.
- At the end of the program, 90% of the students will be able to identify parts of the guitar correctly.
