review Flashcards
Diabetes insipidus resuLts from low or high ADH
Low ADH
This results in a large volume of urine with low osmolality
Which part of the primitive kidney becomes the real kidney?
Metanephros
Peutz-Jehgers syndrome pathophysiology
Autosomal dominant polyposis
Causes hamartomatous polyps in the GI tract with pigmented macules on the mouth
Amyloid A protein is deposited in what conditions
Secondary amyloidos
Chronic inflammation conditions (RA, IBD)
Lamda light chain deposition in amyloidosis is deposited from what conditions
Plasma cell dyscrasia (multiple myeloma)
Transthyretin is deposited as amyloidosis in what conditions
Familial amyloidosis or aging - usually deposits in the heart
Allergic rhinitis initiation results in the cross linking of what 2 types of cells
IgE on the surface of basophils and mast cells
Releases histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes = vasodilation
Recruitment of what kind of inflammatory cells are typically in nasal secretions of allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Common extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C
Elevated cryoglobulinemia, B cell non hodgkin lyphoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, lichen planus, diabetes mellits
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Most likely outcome of hepatitis B virus for adults
Transient infection, most adults are able to clear it
Some become asymptomatic carriers
After hepatitis B enters the host cell as a partial DNA, it uses its own DNA polymerrase or host DNA polymerase to complete its DNA capsid?
Its own. The enzyme is called reverse transcriptase. This takes place in the nucleus.
Histology of chronic Hepatitis B
Mostly uniform swollen looking hepatocytes due to accumulation of surface antigen inside of the cells
Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen indicates what?
Either the patient had a past infection and recovered or they have had a vaccination
This does not occur in chronic infection
How does hepatitis B turn to HCC
Through the integration of the DNA into the host genome –> dysregulation of tumor suppressors
Medication for IgG (chronic) hepatitis B
Tenofovir
Hepatitis B is DNA or RNA hepadnavirus
Hepatitis C is DNA or RNA flavivirus
Hep B is a partially DS DNA hepadnavirus
Hepatitis C is single stranded RNA flavivirus
What marker is elevated in hepatocellular cancer?
alpha fetoprotein
Function of proteasomes
Degredation of ubiquitin tagged proteins and presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes
Function of PNMT
Converts norepinephrine to epinephrine
HALT
Target cells are found in which conditions?
Hepatitis C
Asplenia
Liver disease
Thalassemias
Basophilic stippling of RBCs are commonly found in what conditions
Due to precipitated ribosomes
Lead poisoning
Thalassemia
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Secretinn is secreted in the duodenum usually inhibits what other secretion?
Gastrin
Peptic ulcer disease is typically caused by what bacteria
H. Pylori
