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SPI REVIEW > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the units for pulse repetition frequency
A. Kilohertz (kHz)
B. Hertz (Hz)
C. Megahertz

A

Kilohertz

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2
Q

What is the formula for pulse repetition frequency

A

PRF = 1/PRP

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3
Q

Is PRF independent of operating frequency
True or false

A

True

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4
Q

What is the number of pulses occurring in one second

A

Pulse repetition frequency

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5
Q

What is the formula for pulse duration

A

PD = T x n

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6
Q

What is the formula for pulse repetition period

A

PRP = 1/PRF

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7
Q

Is depth directly proportional to PRP?
True or false

A

True

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8
Q

What is the time it takes for the active phase of the pulse to occur
A. Pulse duration
B. PRP
C. PRF
D. Wavelength

A

A. Pulse duration

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9
Q

What is the formula for pulse duration

A

PD (us) = T (period) x n (number of cycles)

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10
Q

If the frequency is increased, the period increases
True or false

A

False the period decreases

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11
Q

What is determined by the sound source
A. Period
B. Frequency
C. Amplitude, power, and intensity
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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12
Q

What does the AIUM state that no effects have been observed for:

A

Unfocused transducer less than 100 mW/cm^2
Focused transducer less than 1000 mW/cm^2 or 1 W/cm^2

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13
Q

Does one pulse = one scan line?
T or F

A

True

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14
Q

What is frame rate?

A

How many frames are going into the memory per second

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15
Q

What type of transducers fall under phased array technology

A

sector or vector

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16
Q

What twow features does phased operation allow?

A

Beam steering and electronic focusing

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17
Q

What does 3D images allow the user to see?

A

Height, width, and depth

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18
Q

Is 4D imaging displayed in real time?
Yes or no

A

Yes, it is basically 3D imaging in real time

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19
Q

Which of the following is described as the ability of an object to resist compression and relates to the hardness of a medium?
A. Stiffness
B. Density
C. Pressure
D. Intertia

A

A. stiffness

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20
Q

An increase in PRF would lead to:
A. an increase in DF
B. a decrease in PD
C. an increase in the number of cycles
D. A decrease in resolution

A

A. an increase in DF

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21
Q

Which of the following would have the highest propagation speed?
A. air
B. Bone
C. soft tissue
D. water

A

B. bone

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22
Q

Which of the following would have the lowest propagtaion speed?
A. water
B. soft tissue
C. Bone
D. lung tissue

A

A. water

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23
Q

As imaging depth increases, the PRF must:
A. not change
B. Increase
C. Decrease
D. PRF does not relate to imaging depth

A

C. Decrease

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24
Q

Which of the following describes the amount of refraction that occurs at an interface?
A. Bernoulli’s law
B. Piseuilles’s law
C. law of reflection
D. Snell’s Law

A

D. snells law

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25
Q

What is the formula for wavelength?

A

wavelength (upsidedown y) = C/F
C = propagation speed

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26
Q

What is he formula for time?

A

T (us) = 1/Frequency (mHz)

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27
Q

What is the range for human hearing?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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28
Q

What is the range for ultrasound?

A

20,000 Hz and higher

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29
Q

What is the range for infrasound?

A

Less than 20 Hz

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30
Q

What is the range for medical ultrasound?

A

2-15 MHz (or 20 mHz)

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31
Q

What are the units for propagation speed?

A

mm/us or m/s

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32
Q

What is the average propagation speed in soft tissue?

A

1540 m/s or 1.54 mm/us

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33
Q

Are stiffness and propagation speed proportional?
Y or N

A

Yes

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34
Q

Density and propagation speed are directly proportional?
T or F

A

False, it is inversely proportional

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35
Q

Is frequency and wavelength inversely porportional?
Y or N

A

Y

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36
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

P = A^2

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37
Q

What are the units for intensity?

A

milliwatts per centimeter ^2

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38
Q

What is the maximum variation that occurs in an acoustic variable?
A. Amplitude
B. Power
C. Intensity

A

Amplitude

39
Q

What are the units for amplitude?

A

Pascals (Pa) for pressure amplitude

40
Q

What is defined as the rate of energy transfer from one part of the system to another or the energy that travels along the ultrasound beam?
A. Intenstity
B. Density
C. Power

A

C. Power

41
Q

What is the rate at wich energy passes through a unit area?
A. Intensity
B. Power
C. Amplitude
D. Density

A

A. Intensity

42
Q

What is the units for intensity?

A

Milliwatts per centimeter squared (mW/cm^2 or W/cm^2)

43
Q

What is the formula for intensity?

A

I = P/A
P = power
A = amplitude

44
Q

Is intensity related to amplitude?
Y or N

A

Yes, I = A^2

45
Q

What detemines how much of an incident sound wave is reflected back and how much is transmitted into the second medium?
A. Power
B. Amplitude
C. Impedance
D. Intensity

A

C. Impedance

46
Q

What are the units for impedance?

A

rayls

47
Q

What is the formula for impedance?

A

Impedance (rayls) = Density (kg/m^3) x propagation speed (m/s)

Z = p x C

48
Q

Impedance will increase if density and or prop speed increases, because they are both directly proportional/related to impedance

T of F

A

True

49
Q

Perpendicular incidence at a boundary between two media (tissues):
A. No reflection will occur if the two different media have the same impedance
B. Small reflection will occur if the differences in the two impedances are small
C. Large relection will occur if the differences in the two impedances are large
D. All of the above

A

D. all of the above

50
Q

What are the parameters of continuous ultrasound wave?
A. Including frequency, period, propagation speed, and wavelength
B. Sound that is continuously transmitted is referred to as CW. It is only used in Spectral Doppler.
C. None of the above
D. Both a and b

A

D. Both a and b

51
Q

What happens when pusles are sent out; and the ultrasound instrument listens for the echoes to come back?
A. Continuous wave
B. Pulse-echo technique
C. Tri-phasic wave
D. Phasic flow

A

B. pulse-echo technique

52
Q

Does the brightness of the dot correspond to the echo strength?

Yes or no

A

Yes

53
Q

Location doesn’t correspond to the echo return time

T of F

A

F, it does correspond

54
Q

Ultrasound transducer: transforms electric energy into ultrasound energy

T or F

A

True

55
Q

Is lead zirconate titante the most common material used?

Y or N

A

Yes

56
Q

When a voltage is applied, the thickness of the element increases or decreases depending on the polarity of the voltage?

Y or N

A

Yes

57
Q

What is a sound wave that is generated by a transducer that is divided into an active phase and a listening phase. The sound wave is broken up a collection of cycles called pulses with gaps in between?
A. continuous wave
B. Phasic flow
C. pulsed wave
D. triphasic flow

A

C. pulsed wave

58
Q

One pulse equals one scan line

T or F

A

True

59
Q

Pulsed wave uses one crystal. Is that crystal active during transmission created by an application of a voltage which generates 2-3 cycles per pulse?

Y or N

A

Yes

60
Q

What 3 modalities does PW ultrasound provides us?
A. Gray scale.
B. Color doppler
C. PWD
D. none of the above
E. all of the above

A

E. all of the above

61
Q

What happens with PRF when the depth is adjusted?
A. The deeper the depth - PRF decreases
B. The shallower the depth - PRF increases
C. The shallower the depth - PRF decreases
D. A and B
E. The deeper the depth - PRF increases

A

D. A and B

62
Q

Are depth and PRP proportional?

Y or N

A

Yes

63
Q

The greater the depth, the longer the PRF

T or F

A

F - the shorter the PRF

64
Q

The greater the depth the longer the wait time, therefore the ____ the PRP
A. shorter
B. Greater

A

B. greater

65
Q

what is the units for PRP?

A

millisecond (msec)

66
Q

What is the time form the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next pulse or from the start of the active part of one pulse to the active pulse of the next pulse?
A. Pulse repetition period
B. PRF
C. DF

A

A. PRP

67
Q

What is the percentage of time that pulsed ultrasound is on?
A. PRP
B. PFR
C. PD
D. DF

A

D. DF - duty factor

68
Q

What is the formular for duty factor?

A

DF = pulse duration/pulse repetition period

69
Q

DF for sonography is 0.1%-1%

T or F

A

True

70
Q

CW of ultrasound will have 100% of DF?

T or F

A

True

71
Q

What is the formula for SPL?

A

SPL (mm) = wavelength (mm) x number of cycles in the pulse

SPL = WL (upside down y) x n

72
Q

If the number of cycles in a pulse increases, SPL increases

T or F

A

True

73
Q

If frequency increases, the wavelength decreases therefore the SPL decreases too

T or F

A

True

74
Q

What is the decrease of the amplitude and intensity of a sound wave as it propagates through the different media of the body?
A. DF
B. attenuation and absorption
C. pRF
d. PRP

A

B.

75
Q

What are the units for attenuation and absorption?

A

decibels (dB)

76
Q

What are the three factors for attenuation?
A. Absorption
B. Reflection
C. Scattering
D. all of the above

A

D. all of the above

77
Q

The body temperature should not be raised more than 1.5-2.0 degrees above the normal body temperature?

T or F

A

True

78
Q

What is the creation of odd and and even multiples of the original operating frequency?
A. Harmonics
B. DF
C. PRP
D. PRF

A

A. Harmonics

79
Q

What uses a series of pulses and gaps, rather than a single driving pulse?
A. Coded excitation
B. Duty factor
C. PRP

A

Coded excitation

80
Q

What features does coded excitation provide?

A

Multiple transmission foci, improved penetration, speckle reduction, improved contrast resolution, and gray scale imaging of blood flow

81
Q

What is when the pulse crosses a boundary at an angle not perpendicular (some angle other than 90 degrees)
A. Normal incidence
B. Oblique incidence

A

Oblique incidence

82
Q

Thicker elements will produce a lower frequency; and thinner elements will produce a higher frequency

T or F

A

True

83
Q

What is the formula for transducer frequency?

A

Prop speed of element/ 2 x thickness

84
Q

What is another word for damping material?

A

Backing material

85
Q

What is a material placed on the transducer face to improve sound transmission across the element tissue boundary?
A. Backing material
B. Matching layer
C. Housing
D. Acoustic insulator

A

B. Matching layer

86
Q

What is the formula of quality factor- q factor

A

Q factor = operating frequency/bandwidth

87
Q

CW transducers have a narrow bandwidth (no backing) resulting in a high q factor

T or F

A

True

88
Q

What measures the ability of a system to display two structures that are very close together?
A. Lateral resolution
B. Contrast resolution
C. Axial resolution

A

C. Axial

89
Q

What is the formula for axial resolution?

A

Axial resolution (mm) = SPL/2

90
Q

What two ways is a shorter pulse created?

A

Less ringing and higher frequency

91
Q

What measures the ability of a system to display two structures that are very close together. That is when the structures are perpendicular to the beams main axis?
A. Axial resolution
B. Lateral resolution
C. Contrast resolution

A

B. Lateral resolution

92
Q

How is lateral resolution determined?

A

By the width of the sound beam

93
Q

What is the formula for lateral resolution

A

Lateral resolution (mm) = beam diameter (mm)

94
Q

What are the five terms to describe the Anatomy of the sound beam?

A

Focus, near zone, far zone, focal zone, diameter of the transducer also called aperture

SPI REVIEW (1 decks)

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