Review

Question 1

Describe the physical characteristics of erythrocytes.

Answer 1

BICONCAVE & ANUCLEATE

Question 2

Describe the differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary (tissue types?).

Answer 2

ANTERIOR: GROWTH & ENDOCRINE TISSUE. POSTERIOR: NEURONS & NERVOUS TISSUE

Question 3

pH value of blood?

Answer 3

7.35-7.45

Question 4

Steps of hemostasis.

Answer 4

VASOCONSTRICTION TO LIMIT BLOOD LOSS > PLATELETS STICK TO EXPOSED COLLAGEN FIBERS AT SITE OF INJURY > COAGULATION CONVERTS INACTIVE PROTEINS TO ACTIVE, WHICH FORMS FIBRIN STRANDS OF A BLOOD CLOT.

Question 5

Know the major endocrine glands.

Answer 5

PITUITARY, PINEAL, PARATHYROID, THYROID, & ADRENAL.

Question 6

Know the differences between agranulocytes & granulocytes – which cells fall in these categories?

Answer 6

AGRANULOCYTES: LYMPHOCYTES & MONOCYTES. GRANULOCYTES: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, & BASOPHILS

Question 7

WATER SOLUBLE:

Answer 7

SHORTER HALF-LIFE; NO CARRIER; RELEASED IN BLOOD TO GET TO TARGET; CANNOT CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 8

LIPID SOLUBLE:

Answer 8

DOES NOT DISSOLVE WELL IN BLOOD; LONGER HALF-LIFE; NEEDS CARRIER MOLECULES; CAN CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 9

Know the different categories of circulating hormones.

Answer 9

STEROIDS (LIPID SOLUBLE; MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL), BIOGENIC AMINES (WATER SOLUBLE; MADE FROM MODIFIED AMINO ACID), & PROTEINS (WATER SOLUBLE; MADE OF AMINO ACID CHAINS).

Question 10

Describe the ENDOCRINE system:

Answer 10

SYSTEM OF GLANDS; HORMONES ARE TRANSMITTED THRU BLOOD STREAM; SLOW, BUT CHEMICAL RESPONSE LASTS LONGER

Question 11

Describe the NERVOUS system:

Answer 11

SIGNALS TRAVEL ALONG NEURONS VIA NEUROTRANSMITTERS; FAST ELECTRICAL ACTION POTENTIALS; SHORT-ACTING CHANGES TO BODY

Question 12

CIRCULATING hormones:

Answer 12

TRAVELS THRU BODY VIA BLOOD STREAM TO REACH TARGET; LONGER LASTING (BECAUSE OF TRAVELING).

Question 13

LOCAL hormones:

Answer 13

HAS EFFECTS ON NEARBY TISSUES; DO NOT CIRCULATE; BINDS TO CELL THAT MAKES THEM OR NEIGHBORING CELL; SHORT LIVED

Question 14

Function of follicular cells vs parafollicular cells.

Answer 14

FOLLICULAR: MAKES THYROID HORMONE. PARAFOLLICULAR: MAKES CALCITONIN (DECREASE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS)

Question 15

Function of insulin vs function glucagon.

Answer 15

INSULIN: DECREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE. GLUCAGON: INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE

Question 16

Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin? Which cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?

Answer 16

INSULIN: BETA. GLUCAGON: ALPHA.

Question 17

General function of growth hormone?

Answer 17

GROWS BONES, MUSCLES, & HEIGHT

Question 18

Functions of blood?

Answer 18

TRANSPORTATION, FLUID BALANCE, REGULATES pH, BODY TEMP.

Question 19

Know a few plasma proteins.

Answer 19

ALBUMIN, GLOBULINS, FIBRINOGEN, & REGULATORY PROTEINS

Question 20

Components of blood:

Answer 20

ERYTHROCYTE, LEUKOCYTE, PLASMA, & PLATELETS.

Question 21

GDP vs GTP? GDP:

Answer 21

INACTIVE (“D” FOR DEAD). GTP: ACTIVE (“T” FOR TIME TO GO)

Question 22

Mnemonic for relative abundance of leukocytes:

Answer 22

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas–Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 23

Blood doping:

Answer 23

ILLEGALLY USED BY ATHLETES, RESULTING IN AN INFLUX OF ERYTHROCYTES.

Question 24

Describe the location of the various endocrine glands.

Answer 24

ON TOP OF KIDNEYS (ADRENAL GLANDS), IN THE BRAIN (HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, & PINEAL), BETWEEN LUNGS (THYMUS), POSTERIOR TO STOMACH (PANCREAS) & IN NECK (THYROID & PARATHYROID)