Review Flashcards
Describe the physical characteristics of erythrocytes.
BICONCAVE & ANUCLEATE
Describe the differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary (tissue types?).
ANTERIOR: GROWTH & ENDOCRINE TISSUE. POSTERIOR: NEURONS & NERVOUS TISSUE
pH value of blood?
7.35-7.45
Steps of hemostasis.
VASOCONSTRICTION TO LIMIT BLOOD LOSS > PLATELETS STICK TO EXPOSED COLLAGEN FIBERS AT SITE OF INJURY > COAGULATION CONVERTS INACTIVE PROTEINS TO ACTIVE, WHICH FORMS FIBRIN STRANDS OF A BLOOD CLOT.
Know the major endocrine glands.
PITUITARY, PINEAL, PARATHYROID, THYROID, & ADRENAL.
Know the differences between agranulocytes & granulocytes – which cells fall in these categories?
AGRANULOCYTES: LYMPHOCYTES & MONOCYTES. GRANULOCYTES: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, & BASOPHILS
WATER SOLUBLE:
SHORTER HALF-LIFE; NO CARRIER; RELEASED IN BLOOD TO GET TO TARGET; CANNOT CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
LIPID SOLUBLE:
DOES NOT DISSOLVE WELL IN BLOOD; LONGER HALF-LIFE; NEEDS CARRIER MOLECULES; CAN CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
Know the different categories of circulating hormones.
STEROIDS (LIPID SOLUBLE; MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL), BIOGENIC AMINES (WATER SOLUBLE; MADE FROM MODIFIED AMINO ACID), & PROTEINS (WATER SOLUBLE; MADE OF AMINO ACID CHAINS).
Describe the ENDOCRINE system:
SYSTEM OF GLANDS; HORMONES ARE TRANSMITTED THRU BLOOD STREAM; SLOW, BUT CHEMICAL RESPONSE LASTS LONGER
Describe the NERVOUS system:
SIGNALS TRAVEL ALONG NEURONS VIA NEUROTRANSMITTERS; FAST ELECTRICAL ACTION POTENTIALS; SHORT-ACTING CHANGES TO BODY
CIRCULATING hormones:
TRAVELS THRU BODY VIA BLOOD STREAM TO REACH TARGET; LONGER LASTING (BECAUSE OF TRAVELING).
LOCAL hormones:
HAS EFFECTS ON NEARBY TISSUES; DO NOT CIRCULATE; BINDS TO CELL THAT MAKES THEM OR NEIGHBORING CELL; SHORT LIVED
Function of follicular cells vs parafollicular cells.
FOLLICULAR: MAKES THYROID HORMONE. PARAFOLLICULAR: MAKES CALCITONIN (DECREASE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS)
Function of insulin vs function glucagon.
INSULIN: DECREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE. GLUCAGON: INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin? Which cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
INSULIN: BETA. GLUCAGON: ALPHA.
General function of growth hormone?
GROWS BONES, MUSCLES, & HEIGHT
Functions of blood?
TRANSPORTATION, FLUID BALANCE, REGULATES pH, BODY TEMP.
Know a few plasma proteins.
ALBUMIN, GLOBULINS, FIBRINOGEN, & REGULATORY PROTEINS
Components of blood:
ERYTHROCYTE, LEUKOCYTE, PLASMA, & PLATELETS.
GDP vs GTP? GDP:
INACTIVE (“D” FOR DEAD). GTP: ACTIVE (“T” FOR TIME TO GO)
Mnemonic for relative abundance of leukocytes:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas–Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
Blood doping:
ILLEGALLY USED BY ATHLETES, RESULTING IN AN INFLUX OF ERYTHROCYTES.
Describe the location of the various endocrine glands.
ON TOP OF KIDNEYS (ADRENAL GLANDS), IN THE BRAIN (HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY, & PINEAL), BETWEEN LUNGS (THYMUS), POSTERIOR TO STOMACH (PANCREAS) & IN NECK (THYROID & PARATHYROID)
