Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems Neuroscience > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

define systems neuroscience

A

the science of the structure and function of neurons and neural circuits that compute adaptive behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define behavior

A

internally coordinated response to internal/external stimuli. must be theologically adaptive to be considered relevant behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Marr’s 3 levels

A

1) computation; why (problem) [flight]
2) algorithm; what (rules) [flapping]
3) implementation; how (physical) [feathers]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functional-anatomical localization across scales

A

early subdivisions came from cytoarchitecture

now, we have techniques like patchSeq (mix of ephys + transcriptome), includes morphology

observed in topographical maps (visual columns, homonculi in motor/sensory)

including different lobes of brain!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hierarchical organization of circuits and systems

A

think about visual system. there’s the dorsal and ventral streams, and recurrent connections throughout.

also includes mixed selectivity of PFC

cautionary note, lots of recurrent connections! also v1 neurons are tuned differently during motion than when static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

feedfoward, convergent integration allows for output neuron to do what?

A

be selective, it can recognize features that any of the 1 input neurons can’t! Think V1 simple cell RF, center on, surround off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some computations that lateral inhibition is used for?

A

selectiviy in MT cells in OB. also, stable, winner-take-all ring attractor network in hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define selectivity

A

refers to ability of neurons to selectively respond to specific features or properties of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define gain modulation

A

refers to a change in the overall sensitivity or responsiveness of a neuron to input without necessarily changing its selectivity.

phenomenon whereby the gain or sensitivity of a neuron to inputs is altered w/out changing selectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transfer Function

A

Input/Output relationship: relationship between inputs a neuron receives and the firing rate responses of that neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Potential Neural codes

A

rate code
population code
latent population dynamics
latency-based code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a memory sytem?

A

learning is the process of acquiring new information while memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Karl Lashley

A

rats in mazes. lesioned cortex and examined performance. concluded that extent, not location of lesion determined behavioral impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Mapped brain while performing surgery on patients w/ epilepsy

Stimulating temporal lobes could prompt memory recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brenda Milner

A

HM

Following surgery, he had anterograde amnesia. remembered some memories from childhood, but lost many more recent memories.

was able to learn some new tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Multiple Memory Systems

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

into what 3 stages can memory be divided?

A

acquisition (encode), consolidation (store), retrieval (retrieve)

consolidation can be cellular or systemic consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dentate Gyrus circuit organization

A

FF excitation w/ divergent connectivity. EC to DG (1:5) expansion from entiorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

key circuit organization features of dentage gyrus

A

expansion/divergence of inputs
feedback and lateral inhibition
sparse connectivity between inputs to dentate granule cells
– leads to pattern separation . evidenced by square/circle morph

increase memory capacity/specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hippocampus CA3 circuit for rapid encoding and pattern completion

A

CA3 receives input from EC, DG and recurrent autostim from itself!

auto associate network for rapid encoding and pattern completion.

results in auto-associative fixed-point attractor network (falls into one of 2 valleys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does spatial peridocity of grid cells change in MEC?

A

along DV axis! more close together in Dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what circuit motif allows grid cells?

A

structured lateral inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do we get from grid cells of MEC to hippocampal place cells?

A

feedforward linear integration model!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

D1 Action Selection

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

D2 pathway for action selection

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dorsal Ganglia Chuck Image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Action Selection: Movement

A

selects particular movement

triggers initiation and termination

scales amplitude, speed and force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Action Selection: Motivation

A

Drives ideation/cognitive focus

modulates emotional response

sows impulses, obsessions, compulsions and addictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Procedural Learning

A

motor chunking
- complex skill acquisition

habitual behaviors
-stimulus-response associations

goal-directed behaviors:
-action-outcome associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is most responsible for reinforcement learning?

A

phasic dopamine!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Implicit Memory Summary

A

dopamine sourced from SNc and VTA
-targets essentially all action selection loops

tonic dopamine maintains baseline activity level

phasic dopamine associated w/ unexpected reward
-strengthens synaptic pathways of selected action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sensorimotor learning:

A

DLS, stimulus response reinforcement drives habituation, egocentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

assocative learning

A

DMS, action-outcome reinforcement drives cognitive learning and more strategic problem-solving approaches

34
Q

reversal learning

A

DMS A-O necessary to unlearn DLS S-R

35
Q

Delay timing paradigm

A
36
Q

Trace timing paradigm

A
37
Q

simultaneous timing paradigm

A
38
Q

backward timing paradigm

A
39
Q

things to note about fear learning and acquisition curve

A

learning occurs at different timescales.

asymptote is controlled by strength/intensity of US (gamma)

rate of acquisition is controlled by CS saliency (alpha)

Delta_V = alpha(gamma-epislon*V)

40
Q

Mouriel Consolidation

A
41
Q

fear circuit

A
42
Q

Half Center Model

A
43
Q

Lamprey CPG

A
44
Q

pyloric circuit

A

driven by intrinsic oscillation

45
Q

What are differences between data collected in extracellular recordings vs intracellular recordings?

A

Patch-clamp: monitors current or voltage from inside cell. also able to manipulate neural activity.

extracellular recordings monitor voltage only from outside of the cell

46
Q

Principles of Spike Sorting

A

1) Filter to separate spikes from LFP
2) identify all spikes
3) use clustering methods to classify individual spikes as comprising “single units”
4) reconstruct spike train from each single unit.

47
Q

Limitations of electrodes

A

physically invasive

low spatial resolution

limited throughput

specificity is conferred by position, not cell type or molecular features

48
Q

problems w/ small-molecule dyes

A

injections are invasive

dyes are often toxic

imprecise

49
Q

how can you find behaviorally relevant neurons from calcium signal?

A

regression analysis! can use knowledge of stimulus and animal’s behavior to predict what a behavior-encoding neuron would look like! This is done by convolving the impulse response w/ other known factors like stim. intensity or tail angle

50
Q

how does channelrhodopsin work?

A

it works as both an opsin and an ion channel! when stimulated with light, the channel opens and drives membrane potential

51
Q

what’s different about halorhodopsins?

A

they inhibit cells by allowing Cl- into the cell

52
Q

What are DREADDS

A

designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs

53
Q

examples of some good manipulations of sensory environment?

A

postnatal exposure to a vertical world prvents devleopment of the ability to see horizontal features.

monocular deprivation prevents development of the ability to see in deprived eye

glasses on young owls that shift the world 10 degrees when trying to use sound to locate something

54
Q

how are odors encoded?

A

in a combinatorial, across-fiber code

55
Q

how are gloms tuned at low odorant concentrations?

A

narrowly tuned and extremely sensitive

although odor may be encoded by population

56
Q

how are gloms tuned in chemical space?

A

coarse, spatial map of glomeruli w/ similar tuning in chemical space and distinct domains for class I and class II receptors

57
Q

how does OB circuit shape glom representation of odor?

A

dendrodendritic inhibition

58
Q

circuit motif in OB for gain contorl

A

intraglom feedforward and presynaptic inhibition. may also filter weak inputs

59
Q

what circuit motif sharpens OB receptive field?

A

lateral (interglom) inhibition

60
Q

how does odor mapping change from OE, to OB to PC

A
61
Q

Piriform representations of odors?

A

not odotopic, combinatorial

62
Q

Taste transduction

A

1) pass directly through ion channel (salty/sour)
2) bind to GPCR which activate 2nd messengers (Umami, sweet, bitter)

63
Q

taste coding in periphery

A

labeled lines

64
Q

after most peripheral taste neurons, how is taste encoded?

A

mix of labeled lines and across-fiber pattern

gustatory cortex neurons are tuned to both taste as well as other taste-adjacent behaviors

65
Q

what makes dynamics of taste encoding unique?

A

taste responses are dynmamic and different aspects of a taste stimulus are encoded at different times

taste specific neural states occur across the gustatory cortex population

66
Q

define flexor and extensor

A

flexor: reduce joint angle when contracted

extensors: increase joint angle when contracted

67
Q

minimal controls for locomotion

A

start signal
flexor extensor pair on same side must alternate
contralateral limb cycles must be anticorrelated
fore/hind limb cycles must be anticorrelated

68
Q

potential sources of oscillation

A

Cell-intrinsic: The cell’s complement of ion channels and membrane properties generates cycles of activity and inactivity spontaneously, without external inputs.

Network-mediated: Reciprocal inhibition between pairs of neurons, combined with synaptic fatigue, post-inhibitory rebound, equires synaptic fatigue, post-inhibitory
rebound, or adaptation to a tonic excitatory input

69
Q

what are important about Shox2+ interneurons?

A

Shox2+ neurons generate the motor rhythm in mammals.

Evidence: (1) They fire rhythmically during locomotion;

(2) Blocking glutamate release from Shox2+ neurons disrupts the rhythm;

(3) They are excitatory and ipsilaterally- projecting (analogous to lamprey equivalents)

70
Q

how could one broadly distributed excitatory input to sC could be used to control locomotor speed?

A

Firing rates in nMLF neurons are directly correlated with swim speed, and the spinal motoneurons/interneurons that fire during fast swimming have a lower input resistance than those that are recruited at slower swim speeds. If nMLF neurons provide equivalent excitatory drive (synaptic strength) to all spinal interneurons and motoneurons, then as nMLF firing rates increase, additional ‘fast’ spinal neurons will be recruited, and swim speed will increase.

71
Q

Identify two behavioral functions that cannot be adequately mediated by subcortical motor
pathways.

A

“Dexterous” movements of the extremities.
Motor learning/skill acquisition.

72
Q

what drives leech cardiac CPG?

A

reciprocal inhibition

73
Q

what kind of neurons generate motor CPGs?

A

ipsilateral glutamatergic interneurons provide rhythmic excitation to primary motoneurons and to contralateral projecting inhibitory neurons

inhibitory neurons coordinate L/R alternation

74
Q

candidate motor CPGs should fill which criteria?

A

excitatory and project ipsilaterally to motor neurons and contralateral to inhibitory interneurons

75
Q

what does reticulospinal tract control?

A

axial movements, balance, limb movements, modulates corticospinal signals, locomotion

76
Q

what criteria would have to be met to identify a cell that drove specific turning behavior?

A

1) respond preferentially to rightward or leftward stimuli
2) have a contralateral partner with the opposite preference

btw they were found in small, ventral neurons in fish

77
Q

where is swim speed encoded?

A

in firing rate of nMLF spinal projection neurons

dorsal neurons fire during fast swims

ventral neurons fire during slow swims

78
Q

why are dorsal motor neurons less excitable ?

A

due to lower input resistance

they have lower input resistance.

higher input resistance ventral neurons turn on sooner

79
Q

lesions of pyramidal tract selectively affect what?

A

dextrous movements

80
Q

motor cortex is required for what?

A

learning new movements, but not reproducing them

Systems Neuroscience (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions