review Flashcards
Simple squamous epithelia
absorption and reduces friction, lines body cavities such as pericardial
Stratified squamous epithelia
protects against mechanical stresses, the surface of the skin
Simple cuboidal epithelium
limited protection, secretion, absorption: glands, ducts, parts of kidney tubules, thyroid gland
Stratified cuboidal epithelium-
protection, secretion, absorption : lining of some (sweat gland) ducts (rare)
Transitional epithelium
permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
Simple columnar epithelium-
protection, secretion, absorption: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
protection, secretion, move mucus with cillia, lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi
Stratified columnar epithelium
protection: small areas of pharynx epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary glands, and urethra
Areolar tissue
cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement: within and deep to the dermis, around joints, blood vessels, and nerves
Adipose tissue
provides padding and cushion, insulates (reduces heat), stores energy: deep to the skin, buttocks and breast, padding around eyes and kidneys
Reticular tissue
provides supporting framework: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Dense regular connective tissue-
provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles: between skeletal muscles and skeleton
Dense irregular connective tissue
provides strength to resist forces from many directions: capsules of visceral organs, dermis
Elastic tissue-
stabilizes positions of vertebra and penis: between vertebrae of the spinal column, ligaments supporting penis, in blood vessel walls
Red blood cells-
lack a nucleus, transport oxygen and nutrients
Platelets
enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting
White blood cells
defend the body from infection and disease
Hyaline cartilage-
provides stiff but somewhat flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces: between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
Elastic cartilage
support, tolerates distortion without damage, and returns to original shape: auricle of the external ear, auditory canal
Fibrocartilage
resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact: pads within the knee joint
Skeletal muscle tissue
moves or stabilizes the position of skeleton: combined w connective and neural tissue in skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscle tissue
circulates blood, maintains blood pressure: heart
Smooth muscle tissue
moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions: walls of blood vessels, in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
What are the four main tissue categories?
- Epithelial tissue - covers exposed surfaces, forms glands, inside the mouth, skin
*Connective tissue - holds things together, supports other tissues, transport materials, stores energy (adipose, fat tissue)
*Muscle tissue - specializes in contraction and movement. Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and muscular walls of hollow organs.
*Nervous tissue - carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
Know the 3 types of cell junctions
*Gap junctions- allow rapid communication, held by proteins (connexons), allow small molecules and ions to pass, coordinate contractions in heart muscle
*Tight junctions- prevent the passage of water and solutes, keeps enzymes acids, and waste in the lumen (opening) of the digestive tract
*Desmosomes - tie cells together, allowing bending and twisting
How do we classify epithelial tissue?
*Squamous - thin and flat
*Cubodial - square shaped
*Columnar - tall, slender rectangles
What are goblet cells? What do they secrete?
They are unicellular exocrine glands, that secrete mucin which mixes with water to form mucus ( lubricant, keeps things moving)
What is the matrix?
It consists of extracellular components of connective tissue, determines specialized function
What are the 3 categories of connective tissue? (Think web diagram)
*Connective tissue proper - connect and protect
—Loose connective tissue- more liquidy, fat (adipose tissue), cheeks, skin
—Dense connective tissue- more fibers, tendons, bone
* Fluid connective tissues (blood) - transport,
*Supporting connective tissues - structural strength, bones
What types are cells are found in connective tissue? What is their basic description?
*Fibroblasts - the most abundant cell type, found in all types of connective tissue proper, secrete proteins
*Fribrocytes - the second most abundant cell type, maintain connective tissue fibers
*Adipocytes - fat cells
*Mesenchymal cells- respond to injury or infection, unlimited potential
*Melanocytes - produce melanin, color
*Macrophages- eat damaged cells, viruses, pathogens
*Mast cells- stimulate inflammation after injury or infection, blood thinner
*Lymphocytes - migrate through the body, and can develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies
*Microphages - phagocytic blood cells, attracted to signals from macrophages and mast cells
What are the 3 types of fibers?
*Collagen fibers- resist force in one direction, abundant in tendons and ligaments
*Reticular fibers- stroma - go around organs- resist forces in many directions
*Elastic fibers - branched and wavy, return to original length after stretching, ex-elastic ligaments of vertebrae
What tissue secretes the antiangiogenesis factor? What does it do?
Chondrocytes produce an antiangiogenesis factor that discourages the formation of blood vessels
What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know their order and function
*Stratum basale - basement - where cells are dividing, sensory nerve, respond to touch, melanin
*Stratum spinosum - stairs - eight to ten layers, contains dendritic cells which are active in immune response
*Stratum granulosum- ground- darkest purple color, last living cell layer, produces keratin and then the cell dies
*Stratum lucidum- lights- only in thick skin, covers stratum granulosum, adding protection
*Stratum corneum - ceiling, exposed surface of skin, water resistant, thickest layer of the epidermis
What tissue type has intercalated discs? Why?
Cardio cells, connector, works at the same time, pumping at random times
What is the function of the integument system? What are the 2 components of the integument system?
*protection, excretion of salts & water, maintaining normal body temp. , production of melanin, production of keratin, synthesis of vitamin D3, storage of lipids, detection of touch, coordination of immune response
*Cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structure (nails, sweat glands, hair)
Know the difference between thick and thin skin
*Thin - covers most of the body, has four layers of keratinocytes
*Thick - covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, has five layers of keratinocytes
What are the accessory structure?
*Hair - covers almost all of the body except palms of hands, sides of fingers, toes, and lips. Its function is to protect and insulate, guard openings from particles and insects, sensory receptors
*Nails- protect tips of fingers and toes, made of dead cells packed with keratin
*Sebaceous glands - discharge lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles
*Sebaceous follicles - discharge sebum directly onto the skin surface
*Apocrine sweat glands - found in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic regions, secretes products into hair follicles
*Eccrine sweat glands - on palms and soles, covers surface of the skin to reduce temp, excreting water and electrolytes, protection from environmental hazards
Where is the subcutaneous layer?
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) - lies deep to the dermis, stabilizes the position of the skin, primarily adipose tissue, large arteries, and veins in superficial area
What is cyanosis? Jaundice? What does UV light do to the skin? How?
*Cyanosis (bluish skin) - may be caused by extreme cold, heart failure, severe asthma
*Jaundice - skin and whites of eyes may turn yellow, and build-up of bile produced in the liver
*Small amounts of UV light is beneficial, the production of vitamin d, - too much can damage DNA and cause cancer
What is the function of the Arrector pili muscle?
It is involuntary smooth muscle, contraction causes hairs to stand up, produces “goose bumps”
What makes hair oily? (Why do we need dry shampoo?)
Sebaceous glands make oil into hair follicles, to suck up the oils
Know the 3 types of burns.
- First-degree burn - affects only the epidermis of the skin, redness, pain, and dry skin
*Second-degree burn - affects both the epidermis and the dermis of the skin: redness, pain, swelling, skin often looks wet or moist, blisters may develop, pain can be severe
*Third-degree burn - affects down into the hypodermis layer of the skin, skin may appear stiff, waxy white, leathery, or tan, destroys nerves causing numbness
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage
Know the description of osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast and osteogenic cell
*Osteocytes - maintain bone matrix
*Osteoblast - immature, secrete organic components of the matrix
*Osteoclasts - dissolve matrix, break down bone
*Osteogenic cells- divide and produce osteoblasts
Know the six classifications of bone and be able to provide an example
*Sutural bones - stitched, found between the flat bones of the skull
*Irregular bones - have complex shapes, vertebrae, bones of the pelvis
*Short bones - boxlike, carpal bones (wrists), tarsal bones (ankles)
*Flat ones - thin, parallel surfaces, the roof of the skull, sternum, scapulae
*Long bones - arm, thigh and leg, palms, fingers
*Sesamoid - small round, joints of knees, hands, and feet
Know the anatomy of a long bone (epiphyses, diaphysis, metaphysis)
*Epiphyses - wide part of each end, mostly spongy bone
*Metaphysis - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
*Diaphysis - shaft, wall of compact bone, central space called the medullary cavity
