Review Flashcards
Was created by the Obama Administration and Congressional leaders to jumpstart the American economy.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
George W. Bush ran agains Al Gore. Gore was winning the popular vote, but Bush took Florida - giving him enough electoral votes to win.
Election of 2000
Obama became the first African-American to be elected President
2008 Election
First Hispanic justice and 3rd woman to serve on the Supreme Court
Sonia Sotomayor
Gave the federal government more authority to investigate possible terrorist cells
USA Patriot Act
Doing business via the internet
E-Commerce
Free trade agreement signed by Canada, the U.S. and Mexico in 1992
NAFTA
Co-founder of Microsoft. Created one of the most recognized brands in the computer industry
Bill Gates
Third party candidate in the 1992 election
Ross Perot
First African-American billionaire and founder of Black Entertainment Television
Robert Johnson
Against any nation that harbored terrorists
War on Terror
Study of systems that store and manipulate information
Information Technology
Manufacturing cities in the Northeast and Midwest began to decline as a result of the collapse of the steel industry. Manufacturing jobs went to Mexico and overseas
Rust Belt
President that cut federal spending and raised taxes on rich. Was later impeached due to a scandal
Bill Clinton
Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and refused the U.N.’s request to withdraw. Coalition forces under US leadership attacked Iraq
Persian Gulf War
Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
Sept. 11th, 2001
Founded the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the US Political consultant to several Republican presidents.
Lionel Sosa
Founder of Walmart and Sam’s Club
Sam Walton
Founded a world renowned cosmetic company
Estee Lauder
Formed in 1947 to further trade by reducing tariff levels on many commodities.
GATT
Led to the evacuation and flooding of 80% of New Orleans and other parts of the Gulf Coast. Flooding was caused by failure of the levees that surrounded the city.
Hurricane Katrina
A global media leader and philanthropist who publicly endorsed Barack Obama over Hillary Clinton in the 2008 primaries.
Oprah Winfrey
Ethnic groups pushed for independence which resulted in civil war and ethnic cleansing in the country formerly known as Yugoslavia. Clinton sent peace-keeping forces into the region to deal with the situation.
Balkan Crisis
When parts arrive at the phase of production in which they are needed.
Just in Time Production
a tract of public land set aside (as for use by American Indians)
Reservations
the process of adopting or fully understanding information, ideas, or cultural characteristics.
Assimilation
authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Also encouraged Native American assimilation into white society.
Dawes Act
Founder of the United Steel Corporation. Philanthropist, Social Darwinist
Andrew Carnegie
the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.
Philanthropy
the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.
Great Plains
An effort to encourage western migration. Gave 160 acre farm allotments of western land (especially in the Great Plains) to anyone who would make improvements on the land and live on it continuously for 5 years.
Homestead Act
This was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899 after gold was discovered there. Led to the growth of Seattle as a trading post for the miners headed to the Yukon.
Klondike Gold Rush
Railroad that stretched across the continent, from East Coast to West Coast. Completed in 1869.
Transcontinental Railroad
Ranchers began to develop large ranches in West Texas and other areas of the Southwest. To ship their cattle by rail to markets in the east, cowboys first had to drive large numbers of cattle up trails to Kansas, where the stockyards and railroads were located.
Cattle Industry
Drought, insect infestation, railroads that overcharged for shipping goods, high interest rates on mortgages, high prices for farm machinery.
Farm Issues
Characterized by rapid industrialization and urbanization in American cities, as well as an increasing gap between rich and poor.
Gilded Age
Allowed for the mass production of steel.
Bessemer Process
Improved upon by Thomas Edison. Increased factory production by allowing factories to run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Electric Light
Inventor of the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
The push to move west after the American Civil War. The Homestead Act of 1862 and the transcontinental railroads were a motivating factor behind this push.
Westward Expansion
This used the scientific method to study factory work and workers and develop the most efficient ways to produce goods. Also known as Taylorism
Time-Study Analysis
a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
Assembly Line
an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
Labor Unions
an economic system in which private business operates in competition with each other and largely free of state control.
Free Enterprise
Derogatory term for certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.
Robber Barons
A positive term for businessmen of the late 19th century whose means of amassing a personal fortune were seen as having contributed positively to the country in some way.
Captains of Industry
refusal by governments to interfere in the workings of the free market. hands off. no government intervention in business
Laissez-faire
A type of community center in working class (typically immigrant) neighborhoods. They provided healthcare, daycare, English language lessons, and other service to working class, immigrant populations. One purpose was to help immigrants assimilate to American culture.
Settlement House
Favoring American-born people over immigrants. Also, discrimination of immigrants just because they are foreign-born.
Nativism
The growth of cities. City development sped up in the late 19th century due to rapid industrialization.
Urbanization
Sought to improve industrialized society by applying the biblical principles of charity and justice. Worked on labor reforms
Social Gospel
Founder of the first settlement house in the U.S. (Hull House in Chicago).
Jane Addams
Industrialist who made his fortune in the oil refining business, often through unethical means. Had a monopoly on oil refineries.
John D. Rockefeller
1882 law that restricted Chinese laborers from coming into the United States.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Immigration processing center in San Francisco. Served Asian immigrants to the U.S.
Angel Island
Immigration processing center in New York. Served European immigrants to the U.S.
Ellis Island
States that the rich are rich because they are meant to be, and the poor are meant to be poor. Used to justify the huge gap between rich and poor during the Gilded Age. Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Social Darwinism
A set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population by regulating reproduction. An extreme application of Social Darwinism.
Eugenics
A party organization, headed by a single boss or small group of people, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.
Political Machines
Infamous political machine in New York City in the late 19th century. Led by William Marcy “Boss” Tweed.
Tammany Hall Ring
Federal law that required people applying for government jobs to pass a Civil Service Exam before being hired. Ended the patronage system.
Pendleton Act
The power to make appointments to government jobs or the power to grant other political favors
Patronage
The process of a stronger nation controlling a weaker territory through political, economic, or militarily means.
Imperialism
raw materials, increase naval bases, growing nationalism and helping others.
Reasons for imperialism
US Admiral who encouraged the US to strengthen its naval power to become a world power.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Spanish American War
1898
US warship blown up in Havana Harbor off the coast of Cuba. The Spanish were blamed and war was declared.
U.S.S. Maine
Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Acquired territories because of SPAM War
Man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Panama Canal
Ensured that the US could trade with China
Open Door Policy
President Taft encouraged investment in Latin America
Dollar Diplomacy
British passenger ship that was destroyed by a German submarine
Lusitania
Telegram sent by Germany, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany if the US entered the war. In return, Mexico would receive land that it had lost to the US in the Mexican-American War.
Zimmerman Note
Battle that led to the surrender of German army and the end of WW I.
Argonne Forest
Caused a stalemate; Opposing side’s attack from the ditches instead of an open battlefield.
Trench Warfare
W. Wilson’s proposal for peace after WW I
Fourteen Points
International organization formed after WW I to help solve disputes between countries. The US did not join.
League of Nations
Ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
Treaty of Versailles
Fearful of communism
Red Scare
Causes of WWI
the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary…(MAIN)
Nations build large armies to help them secure their empires.
Militarism
European nations signed treaties with each other
Alliance System
Strong feelings of pride for one’s country.
Nationalism
Pres. Of the US during WW I. Wilson wanted to fight the war to “make the world safe for democracy.
Woodrow Wilson
The commander of the American Expeditionary Force
General John Pershing
US Senator who opposed the League of Nations.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Main purpose was to stop spying or other treasonous acts but it also severely limited freedom of citizens
Espionage Act
Won Congressional Medal of Honor for Valor due to his actions at the Battle of Argonne.
Alvin York
authorized the government to raise an army through a draft
Selective Service Act:
Spanish colony that wanted independence prior to SPAM War.
Cuba
World War I
1914-1918
US attempt to not take sides
Neutrality
Germany declared all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the navy.
unrestricted submarine warfare
Basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed
Civil Liberties
US policy of staying out of the disputes and affairs of other nations.
Isolationism
Moment of African Americans north for money from industrialization
Great Migration
This president promised a “return to normalcy” when he was elected. People supported this because they wanted the government to focus on domestic and economic issues.
His administration was full of scandal and corruption, including the Teapot Dome scandal
President Harding
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Great Migration
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
18th Amendment
the act of making or transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally
Bootlegging
biggest scandal of Harding’s administration; Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932). Led to people beginning to distrust the government.
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.
Conservative
A person whose views favor more govt involvement in business, social welfare, minority rights, &increased govt spending
Liberal
a consumer buys products by promising to pay small, regular amounts over a period of time
installment buying
taxes on imported goods
tariffs
an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future
credit
wealth, success
prosperity
carefree young women with short, “bobbed” hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new “liberated” woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.
flapper
Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime
Jazz Age
