Review Flashcards
1
Q
nitroprusside effects on preload and afterload
A
decreased afterload only
2
Q
chronic alcohol abuse affect on NAPQI production
A
increased due to induction
3
Q
ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy
contalateral hemiparesis
A
weber syndrome (midbrain)
4
Q
DL thalamus lesion causes what syndrome?
A
thalamic pain syndrome
5
Q
ureters cross OVER the ___ ___ arteries
A
common iliac
6
Q
ALS associated with ___ ___ ___ ___ deficiency
A
zinc copper superoxide dismutase
7
Q
loss of all but posterior columns = ___ occlusion
A
ASA
8
Q
vertical gaze palsy = ___ lesion
A
midbrain (posterior)
9
Q
CN VI palsy = ___ ___ lesion
A
medial pontine
10
Q
lateral pontine lesion presentation
A
vertigo and nystagmus
11
Q
lateral pontine lesion = ___ stroke
A
AICA
12
Q
medial medullary syndrome = ___ occlusion
A
ASA
13
Q
midbrain stroke = ___ lesion
A
PCA
14
Q
medial pontine stroke = ___ lesion
A
basilar
15
Q
4 S of brainstem strokes
A
sympathetic
spinothalamic
sensory (CN V)
spinocerebellar
16
Q
VL thalamus
A
motor
17
Q
MGN thalamus
A
hearing
18
Q
VPL + VPM thalamus
A
sensory
19
Q
VM hypothalamus lesion
A
obesity
20
Q
AT associated with ___ repair defects
A
NHEJ
21
Q
IGF-1 leads to ___ ___
A
insulin resistance
22
Q
inflammation/CD affects the integrity of ___ ___
A
tight junctions
23
Q
tenderness, full range of motion DDx
A
bursitis
24
Q
increased VLCFA levels DDx
A
zellweger syndrome
(absent peroxisomes)
25
MELAS is a ___ disorder
mitochondrial
26
familial hyperchylomicronemia is due to a defect in ___
LPL
27
higher prevalence in men vs women
due to longer duration in women
28
most predominant cell in allergic rhinitis
eosinophils
29
type I error
saying there IS a difference when once does NOT exist (false positive)
30
increased CVP, PCWP
decreased PP
decreased contractility
31
burn victims have ___ nutritional requirements
increased
32
___ increases the concentration of binding proteins (TH, SHBG, etc)
estrogen
33
2 common causes of secondary polycythemia
COPD
obstructive sleep apnea
34
study measuring noise levels throughout factory
cross-sectional
35
increased tactile fremitus = ___
consolidation
36
thrombocytopenia
normal platelet count, no anemia
DDx?
ITP
37
tubocurarine MOA
postsynaptic antagonist
non-depolarizing
38
gastric volvulus often caused by ___ ___
paraesophageal hernia
39
decubitus ulcers caused by ___
pressure
40
muscle to laterally rotate thigh
piriformis
41
___ causes gastric secretion, ___ causes motility
Ach
motilin
42
PTEN gene
tumor suppressor
43
metencephalon
pons
cerebellum
4th ventricle
44
telencephalon
hemispheres
lateral ventricles
45
mesencephalon
midbrain
CA
46
____ due to gaps in the endothelium
extravasation (not vasodilation)
47
GERD MOA
vagal relaxation of LES
48
angiotensin II created where?
pulmonary vasculature
49
___ leads to mosaicism in TS
nondisjunction
50
loss of heterozygosity means what?
second hit for 2-hit hypothesis
51
___ ___ can present with flank bruising
acute pancreatitis
52
diffuse muscle pain after starting rituximab due to what?
CD20 cytokine release
53
methylation is a means of ___
imprinting
54
what cells generate andrestendione?
theca interna cells
55
in what phase do all cellular components and enzymes (except chromosomes) become duplicated?
G1
56
chromosomal duplication occurs in what phase?
S
57
a ___ ___ would be present on subclavian steal syndrome
supraclavicular bruit
58
saturation = ___ clearance
decreased
(all others increased)
59
HW for AR condition
do not square root
solve for 2pq
60
reduced arterial O2 content
normal PaO2
anemia
61
drug that inhibits platelet interaction with fibrinogen
abcixumab
62
autoimmune thyroid hyperplasia also known as what?
graves
63
female who has never menstruated
female genitals
DDx?
XY male with androgen insensitivity
64
___ deficiency causes corneal vascularization
B2
65
where does viagra work on your peen?
corpus cavernosum (2 eyes)
66
untreated COPD = ___ airway resistance
increased
67
explain anaerobic respiration
replaces NAD+ by producing lactate
68
cerebellar dysfunction and chronic headaches = ___ abuse
inhalant
69
when does recombination occur?
prophase I
70
bladder, cervix, and prostate drain into the ___ ___ nodes
internal iliac
71
___ deficiency increases risk for mycobacterial and salmonella infections
INF-Y
72
pulseless leg = ___ occlusion
arterial
73
muscular weakness
vision loss
seizures
lactic acidosis
DDx?
MELAS (mitochondrial tRNA)
74
___ dysfunction implicated in parkinson and alzheimer disease
proteasome
75
acatalasia is a ___ disorder
peroxisome
76
axon regeneration uses ___ transport
anterograde (slow)
77
chances of being carrier for AR condition
2/3
78
retinitis pigmentosum seen in ___
abetalipoproteinemia
79
ApoE4 deficiency
atherosclerosis
80
complex II = ___ ___
succinate dehydrogenase
81
secondary gallstone Tx
ursodiol
(decreases cholesterol secretion)
82
S4 means what?
impaired ventricular relaxation
83
purine nucleotide synthesis uses ___ as a N donor
glutamine
84
intracellular yeast
histo
85
explanation for different drug effectiveness among patients
polymorphisms
86
___ exposure increases risk for AML
benzene
87
pneumocystis found in populations with decreased ___ counts
CD4
88
nuclear hormones have ___ ___ ___
DNA binding domains
89
dysgerminomas secrete ___ and ___
hCG
LDH
90
red diploid shape
pulmonary effusion
immunodeficient
pulmonary cryptococcosis
91
SLE is associated with ___ mutations
c1q
92
how to calculate total body water
x kg * 70 mL/kg
93
increased jugular venous pressure seen in what general condition?
HF
94
a carotid bruit suggests ___
atherosclerosis
95
p = .01 means
by chance or error, the results might occur 1% of the time
(probability of type I error)
96
increased LDL = ___ ___ by the liver
decreased clearance
97
at high concentrations (100), MM pharmokinetics will be ___ ___
zero order (constant)
98
at low concentrations (100), MM pharmokinetics will be ___ ___
first order
99
perform thoracocentesis ___ ribs below
2
100
DS is associated with ___ pregnancy plasma protein and ___ BhCG
decreased
increased
101
segmental transmural necrotizing arteritis
PN
102
a mutation at the ___ ___ ___ ___ would prevent a plasmid from replicating
origin of DNA synthesis
103
shine delgarno or kozak consensus sequence are examples of ___ ___ ___
ribosome binding sites
104
___ sites contain restriction enzyme target sites
multicloning
105
glucagon stimulates ___ and glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
106
XX embryo with male genitals due to ___ ___
SRY translocation
107
___ exposure has been linked to hypospadias
progestin
108
number of mitoses per area describes tumor ___
grading
109
amastigotes within macrophages
leishmaniasis
110
onchocerca volvulus causes ___ ___
river blindness
111
suramin and melarsepral treat ___
trypanosoma brucei
112
trypanosoma brucei region
aftrica (sleeping sickness)
113
trypanosoma cruzi region
south america
114
albino, neutrophil giant granules
chediak-higashi
115
bind same site as agonist but have decreased efficacy when full agonist is currently bound
partial agonist
116
cortical thickening creating picture frame bone
paget disease
117
epidermolysis bullosa causes blistering due to ___ ___ defect
anchoring fibril
(type VII collagen)
118
vibrio vs HAV
no jaundice
119
ketogenesis is ___ by glucagon
increased
120
what is the function of long terminal repeats in HIV DNA?
LTRs help with integration into host
121
LFA-1 is an integrin important for what neutrophil process?
adhesion to endothelium
122
low ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___ will increase the speed of anesthesia induction
blood solubility
cardiac output
minute ventilation
123
anesthetic potency depends on ___ ___
lipid solubility
124
MCFA supplementation is the Tx for ___ ___ deficiency
VLCFA dehydrogenase
125
corticosteroids regulated ___
PLA2
126
destruction of vertebral bodies/intervertebral discs without any other symptoms = suspect ___
TB (pott disease)
127
AA change = suspect ___ mutation
missense
128
LPS binds ___ on neutrophil surfaces
TLRs
129
female with HTN and no other symptoms = always suspect ___
FMD
130
portosystemic shunt causing esophageal varices include the ___ ___ and ___ veins
left gastric
azygos
131
a transjugular intrahepatic portal shunt uses the ___ and ___ veins
portal
hepatic
132
how does hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia cause hypoxia
pulmonary AV shunting
133
signs of hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia
chronic hypoxia
mucosal telangectasia
digital clubbing
134
complex partial vs absence seizures
grimacing or lip smacking in addition to staring off into space
135
ratio to determine oxidative damage status of the liver
GSH:GSSG
(GSH is the reduced form)
136
the primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate are present at ___ weeks
3
137
coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing in young child with viral URI = suspect ___
asthma
138
___ is used to produce ammonia in the tubules
glutamine
139
___ is a better buffer for H+ than ___
deoxyHb
oxyHb
140
attributable risk =
X - Y
141
___ allows for efficient neutrophilic killing of bacteria
HOCl
142
neostigmine overdose can lead to what?
desensitization of nAchR
143
oxytocin activates what kind of receptor?
ligand-gated Ca channels
(rhodopsin GPCR)
144
how to decrease the trough concentration?
increase time between doses
145
low leptin levels = ___ person
obese
146
___ require carnitine acylcarnatine translocase to enter the mitochondria
VLCFAs
(Tx with MCFAs)
147
choristoma example
meckel diverticulum
148
___ ___ is due to abnormal targeting of enzymes to lysosomes
I-cell disease
149
fever, rash, and hepatitis a couple weeks after transplant = suspect ___
GVHD
150
nested studies take ___ studies and turn them into ___ studies
case-control
cohort
151
a ___ study entails multiple interventions being trialed simultaneously
factorial
152
sarcoidosis shows a ___ pattern
restrictive
153
mycosis fungoides is a form of ___ cell ___
T cell lymphoma
154
why can younger people concentrate urine much better during deprivation than older people?
responsiveness to ADH
155
where are the para-aortic lymph nodes located in women?
alongside ovarian vessels (infundibulopelvic ligament)
156
In order to produce more ECM, ___ mRNA levels would be expected to rise
fibronectin
157
NF-KB can be activated by ___
TNF-a
158
presbyopia entails lens ___ and loss of ___
hardening
accomodation (near vision)
159
presbyopia is treated by glasses with positive ___ power
dioptric
160
I have ___ because I can't see things at a distance
myopia
161
myopia is ___ (sizing) and ___ (location)
longer
anterior
162
how is myopia treated
glasses with negative dioptric power
163
how to increase ICP
decrease ventilation rate (increase PaCO2)
164
hypophosphatasia explained
alkaline phosphatase defect
165
___ ___ is depleted by capsaicin (TRPV1 receptors)
substance P
166
___, ___, and ___ promote vasodilation in the innate immune response
histamine
PGE2
bradykinin
167
what cells are part of acute transplant rejection
CD8+
168
what cells are part of chronic transplant rejection
CD4+
169
tremor can be caused by what Rx?
albuterol (beta agonist)
170
beta antagonists can cause ___ (description of skin)
pallor
171
___ causes tachypnea during preganancy
What function does this serve?
progesterone
(release fetal CO2)
172
aripiprazole is a ___ ___ for the D2 receptor
partial agonist
173
beta blockers decrease HR by decreasing the rate of ___ ___ in the SA and AV nodes
diastolic depolarization
174
utilization of host ribosomes is required for what virus?
Coronavirus
175
AS in a younger patient (40-60) is likely due to a ___ or ___ cause
congenital
rheumatic
176
how is paget disease differentiated from hyperparathyroidism?
normal Ca, PO4, and PTH levels in paget disease
177
Decreased total T4, normal TSH and free T4
Cause?
decreased TBG
178
hypotension cause for patient on CA inhibitor
volume loss due to diuresis
179
example of hydroxy halide crystals
HOCl (respiratory burst)
180
assembly of viral particles into mature viral capsules is inhibited by ___ ___
protease inhibitors
181
homozygous for the deletion of survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1)
What disease
spinal muscular atrophy (AR)
182
rett syndrome inheritance
XLD
183
what artery supplies the cecum?
SMA
184
steroid sulfatase deficiency presents with what?
scaling
185
fever, then rash
HHV-6 (roseola)
186
large worms in the shit
ascaris lumbricoides
187
Apo_ mutations lead to decreased HDL
ApoA
188
___ cells can give rise to skeletal muscle cells
satellite
189
astrocytes store ___
glycogen
190
type ___ collagen is found in skeletal muscle ECM
VI
191
menstruation is due to endometrial ___
ischemia
192
Pb inhibits ALA ___
dehydratase
