Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio final > review > Flashcards

review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Changes in allele frequencies within populations.
Often associated with adaptation
Can be measured from one generation to the next
small scale-population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

Major changes in the history of life
Origin of new species
Generates biological diversity
larger scale-species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a species?

A

A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring, reproductively isolated from other such groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Species evolve in geographic isolation
Usually associated with a geographic barrier, preventing members of two populations from mating with one another
Involves independent evolution of the populations after the barrier arises

KNOW FOR TEST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Species evolve without geographic isolation—species remain together, with potential to interbreed
Probably associated with a genetic barrier due to a single mutational event
Important in plants, but not widespread among animals

KNOW FOR TEST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What special circumstances are required to keep the gene pools separated in sympatric speciation?

A

-Segregation of habitat
-Major alterations in mate recognition or behavior
-Genetic incompatibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Know the two models of the Pace of Speciation.

A

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are prezygotic barriers? Know the 5 types.

A

Barries that prevent mating or fertilization between species-
Temporal isolation- mating or fertilization occurs during different seasons or time of day
Habitat isolation- occupy geographic area but they occupy different habitats which prevents them from mating
Behavioral isolation- structural differences prevent fertilization
Mechanical isolation- the type of reproductive behavior that occurs when reproductive structures of different species are incompatible
Gametic isolation- female and male gametes fail to unite in fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are postzygotic barriers? Know the 3 types.

A

prevent survival or reproduction of hybrid offspring- Hybrid inviability
Hybrid sterility
Hybrid breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ecology?

A

Is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are abiotic factors? Know the 5 examples.

A

The nonliving chemical and physical factors in an environment.
rocks, soil, temp, energy, wind/water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are biotic factors? Know some examples.

A

The biotic component-The living factors in an environment.
animals, birds, plants, fungi, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four levels of ecology? Know what each is concerned with.

A

Organismal ecology- evolutionary adaptations
Population ecology- population of an area
Community ecology- assemblages of different populations of species
Ecosystem ecology- ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a habitat?

A

specific environments in which organisms live.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 types of adaptations that enable organisms to adjust to changes in their environment?

A

Physiological
Anatomical
Behavioral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 2 types of Aquatic Biomes? What is the salinity of each?

A

freshwater biomes- less than 1%
marine biomes- 3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some uses for freshwater?

A

drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 categories of freshwater? Know examples of each.

A

Standing water-includes lakes and pond.
Flowing water-includes rivers and streams.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are wetlands?

A

Transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are estuaries?

A

Are areas where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean.
Are one of the most biologically productive environments on Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are terrestrial biomes determined? Know the examples from class.

A

by climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the tree line?

A

highest elevation at which tall vegetation can grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

know the water cycle

A

THE WATER CYCLE.
EVAPORATION.
CONDENSATION.
PRECIPITATION.
INTERCEPTION.
INFILTRATION.
PERCOLATION.
TRANSPIRATION.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is population density

A

Is the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the mark-and-recapture technique and why is it utilized?

A

Animals are trapped, marked, and then recaptured after a period of time, how population is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are 2 growth models?

A

exponential- describes the rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions
and logistic- slowed limiting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

Is the number of individuals in a population that the environment can just maintain with no net increase or decrease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the US Endangered Species Act define an endangered species vs a threatened species?

A

Defines an endangered species as one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.”
Defines a threatened species as one likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a community?

A

assemblages of species living close enough for potential interactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is an ecological niche?

A

Is the sum total of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What did G. F. Gause study? What model organism did he utilize?
What were his results?

A

studied the effects of interspecific competition in two closely related species of protists.
Gause concluded that two species so similar that they compete for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the competitive exclusion principle state?

A

two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

predator vs prey

A

Interaction in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another (the prey).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are some of the plant defenses against herbivores?

A

Spines and thorns
Chemical toxins such as morphine, strychnine, nicotine may be harmful to humans. Other chemicals are utilized by humans; cinnamon, peppermint etc.

35
Q

What are some of the animal defenses against predators?

A

hiding, escaping, hard shells or quills

36
Q

Why do organisms enter into symbiotic relationships?

A

plants or animals of different species may be dependent on one another for survival.

37
Q

What types of symbiotic relationships are there?

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition

38
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

divides species in a community based on there many sources of nutrition

39
Q

Know the different trophic levels and examples of organisms that belong in each.

A

tertiary consumers- snake
secondary consumers- rat
primary consumers- insect
producers- flowers/plants

40
Q

What are the 4 main nutrients that cycle? Be able to label the cycles on a chart.

A

carbon, nitrogen , phosphorus, water

41
Q

What is biological magnification?

A

When energy flows as organic matter through the trophic levels of an ecosystem, much of it is lost at each link in the food chain.

42
Q

What is an energy pyramid?

A

when energy flows as organic matters through the trophic levels of an ecosystem, most of its lost at each link of the food chain

43
Q

Why are introduced species bad?

A

can cause rapid extinctions, overtake habitats, mess with trophic levels

44
Q

How are humans impacting ecosytems?

A

Human activities often intrude in biogeochemical cycles by removing nutrients from one location and adding them to another.
-mass extinction

45
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A

essential for the processes that support all life on Earth, including humans

46
Q

What is a food web? Be able to read one.

A

the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

47
Q

What factors increase the loss of biodiversity?

A

human activity, pollution, overexploitation of resources

48
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Balances human needs with the health of the biosphere.

49
Q

What is species richness? What is relative abundance?

A

-the total number of different species in the community
-Relative abundance- measure of how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location or community

50
Q

What was the name of the publication that Darwin published? In what year was it published?

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection-1859

51
Q

What are the two main points of Darwin’s publication?

A

-He presented evidence that many species of organisms presently inhabiting the earth are descendants of ancestral species. Additionally, he proposed a mechanism for the evolutionary process, natural selection.

52
Q

What is the basic idea of natural selection?

A

Organisms can change over generations.
Individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others.

53
Q

What is the result of natural selection?

A

evolutionary adaptation

54
Q

Darwin based his theory of natural selection on two key observations. What are the two observations?

A

overproduction and individual variation

55
Q

What is unequal reproductive success?

A

Those individuals with traits best suited for the local environment leave more fertile offspring.

56
Q

What are homologous structures? Know examples we talked about.

A

Is the similarity in structures due to common ancestry.

-limbs of humans and animals- NOT INSECT

57
Q

What is biogeography?

A

Is the study of the geographic distribution of species.

58
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Is the comparison of body structure between different species.
Confirms that evolution is a remodeling process.

59
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

the comparison of structures that appear during the development of different organisms.

60
Q

What is a fossil? How are fossils formed?

A

Are preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past.

61
Q

Where are fossils found?

A

sedimentary rock

62
Q

What type of scientist studies fossils?

A

paleontologist

63
Q

Name 3 examples of natural selection in action.

A

-Pesticide resistance in insects.
-The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
-Drug-resistant strains of HIV.

64
Q

What is a mutation?

A

changes of DNA in an organism

65
Q

What is sexual recombination?

A

shuffles alleles during meiosis

66
Q

What is directional selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve?

A

Shifts the phenotypic “curve” of a population.
Selects in favor of some extreme phenotype.

67
Q

What is disruptive selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve?

A

Can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population.

68
Q

What is stabilizing selection? What does the phenotypic graph look like compared to the original population curve?

A

Maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range.

69
Q

Sickle-cell anemia confers resistance to what disease?

A

malaria

70
Q

What is a geographic range?

A

the area a species follows throughout their life- birds have no permanent habitat, migration

71
Q

What is an exponential growth curve? What shape is this curve?

A

when data rises over a period of time, creating an upwards trending curve on a graph- j shape

72
Q

What are some factors that limit biotic potential?

A

disease, predation, restricted food sources

73
Q

What factors that have increased the biotic potential for humans.

A
74
Q

Define growth rate.

A

rate of increase or decrease of a population

75
Q

Define niche.

A

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organisms lives and the way an organism uses these conditions

76
Q

Which way does energy flow through ecosystems?

A

flows through ecosystem when consumers feed on producers, it cannot be recycles bust flow continuously

77
Q

What is a biological pyramid?

A

graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at different trophic levels.

78
Q

How much energy is available to the next level in a biological pyramid?

A

approximately 10% is passed from level to another

79
Q

How much sunlight energy is captured by producers?

A

1-2 percent.

80
Q

What is a food web and be able to read a food web.

A

the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community

81
Q

What is biological magnification?

A

ny concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

82
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water

83
Q

What are some things we can do to move toward a sustainable future?

A

be more energy efficiennt

84
Q

in Alabama, what plant do you commonly see that is classified as an invasive species

A

kudzu

bio final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions