review Flashcards
What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
What are the four nucleotide bases for DNA and RNA?
DNA- A, T, C, G
RNA- A, U, C, G
What does the A, T, C, G stand for in DNA and RNA?
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U)
How do the bases pair in a DNA strand? RNA strand?
DNA- AT and CG
RNA- AU and CG
What is a mutation? What can cause a mutation?
is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Can result from errors in DNA replication and from physical and chemical agents
What is the full name for DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the full name of RNA?
Ribonucleic acid
Know where the sugar, phosphates, and nucleotides are located on the double helix.
phosphate and sugars are on the outside of the double helix
How can a mutation be good, bad or cause no obvious difference?
Mutations can prevent a disease or cause one
Who won the Nobel Prize for the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Who is Rosalind Franklin?
British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite.
What is DNA Replication?
When a cell or whole organism reproduces, a complete set of genetic instructions must pass from one generation to the next.
What is Transcription?
occurs in the nucleus, information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
What is Translation?
occurs in the cytoplasm, the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds.
Where does DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation take place in the cell?
dna replication- nucleus
transcription- nucleus
translation-ribosomes with cytoplasm
How can a mutation in the DNA result in a protein not functioning correctly?
By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all
What is a mutagen? Know some examples of mutagens.
physical or chemical agent that causes a mutations. Examples: radioactive substances, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals.
What are homologous chromosomes?
wo chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father.
What is zygote?
fertilized egg
Who is Gregor Mendel?
- Austrian monk
-Was the first person to analyze patterns of inheritance
Why did Gregor Mendel use the garden pea?
easily manipulated and can self-fertilize
Allele
an alternative version of a gene
dominant
two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism’s appearance
recessive
no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance
homozygous
when an organism has idnetical (same) alleles for a gene
heterozygous
when an organism has different alleles for a gene
genotype
an organisms genetic makeup, there should be two copies of each gene
phenotype
an organisms physical traits
true-breeding
an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits (i.e. physically expressed traits) to its offspring of many generations.
locus
a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located
What is the P generation?
parental generation
How do you produce an F1 generation?
by the mating of two different inbred strains at each generation, using the same the maternal and paternal inbred parents.
How do you produce an F2 generation?
a cross between two F1 individuals (from F1 generation)
What are Mendel’s 4 hypotheses and what does each mean?
genes are versions of alleles
for each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles
the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance
allele pairs separate during the production of gametes so there is only one allele
What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
codominance- expression of two different alleles of the same gene in an individual
incomplete dominance- In incomplete dominance, F1 generation hybrids have an appearance that is in between the phenotypes of the two parents
Know examples of codominance and incomplete dominance
incomplete dominance: Dominant red blends with recessive white to make pink
codominance: Spotted cows and flowers with petals of two different colors
What is pleiotropy? Know an example.
ability of a single gene to cause multiple effects on an individuals phenotype
What does a circle represent on a pedigree?
female
What does a square represent on a pedigree?
male
What does a colored circle indicate on a pedigree?
indicates the female carries the trait
What does a colored square indicate on a pedigree?
indicates the male carries the trait
What does a half-colored square or circle indicate on a pedigree?
indication of a carrier
What is a sex-linked gene?
refers to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes
which is the dominant trait between freckles and non-freckles, widow’s peak and straight hairline, and detached earlobe and attached earlobe.
freckles, widow peak, detached earlobes
What is a virus?
-a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism
-not made out of cells, they can’t keep themselves in a stable state, they don’t grow, and they can’t make their own energy
Why are viruses not considered living organisms?
they exhibit some, but not all, 7 characteristics of living organisms
What is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?
a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants
How does a virus replicate?
by taking control of the host cell’s synthetic machinery
What type of virus (DNA or RNA) are the following: Measles, HIV, Coronavirus?
retrovirus- RNA
Who is Edward Jenner?
considered the founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796
What vaccine did Edward Jenner create?
smallpox
What is reverse transcriptase?
The way a retrovirus copies its RNA using DNA
What is cloning?
process of producing individual organisms with identical or virtually identical DNA
Know the steps for reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.
reproductive cloning: remove nucleus from egg cell, add somatic cell, grow in culture to produce early embryo, implant embryo, clone born
therapeutic cloning: remove nucleus from egg cell, add somatic cell, grow in culture to produce early embryo, remove embryonic stem cells from embryo and grow in culture, induce stem cells to form specialized cells for therapeutic use
Who is Dolly? Know the steps to how she was cloned.
sheep that was produced through reproductive cloning
What is regeneration?
the regrowth of lost body parts in animals
What does differentiated mean?
adult stem cells
What happens when a cell is “differentiated”?
All contain a complete genome.
Have the potential to express all of an organism’s genes.
Have the ability to develop into a whole new organism.
What is a stem cell?
nature’s template for all cells,
can become any sort of cell or tissue in the body.
Name three places stem cells come from.
- umbilical cord
-baby teeth
-embryonic stem cells
Define Totipotent cell
total potential
Define Pluripotent cell
partially developed
What does genetically modified mean?
an organism that carries recombinant DNA
In simple terms, how are genetic modifications done?
inserting DNA into the genome of an organism
What are some potential problems with GM crops and foods?
-Crops carrying genes from other species might harm the environment.
-could be hazardous to human health
- transgenic plants might pass their genes to relatives in nearby wild areas
What was the first genetically modified product? What is the company that produced the first GM product?
Human insulin
What were some disadvantages to the first GM product before it was produced through genetic engineering?
What are the advantages of the first GM product?
Allowed humans to receive insulin not from a cow or pig
PCR is an acronym for what?
polymerase chain reaction
What does PCR do? Know the steps of the process.
a technique by which any segment of DNA can be copied quickly and precisely.
Through PCR, scientists can obtain enough DNA from even minute amounts of blood or other tissue to allow DNA fingerprinting.
What is gel electrophoresis and how does it work?
Can be used to separate the DNA fragments obtained from different sources.
The DNA fragments are visualized as “bands” on the gel.
The bands of different DNA samples can then be compared.
What is DNA fingerprinting?
What branches of science use DNA fingerprinting?
used to determine whether or not two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual.
-Forensic Science
Is DNA evidence admissible in a U.S court of law as evidence?
yes
Name 3 Nobel-prize winning technologies mentioned in CH 9-12.
PCR machine, el electrophoresis
What does CRISP-R stand for?
How doe CRISP-R work?
What is the nickname for CRISP-R?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- It allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function. … The protein Cas9 (or “CRISPR-associated”) is an enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA.
