Review Flashcards
What are the types of Cell Junctions?
- *TAG-DH**
1) Tight
2) Adhesive
3) Gap
4) Desmosomes
5) Hemidesmosomes
What maintains the paracellular barrier of epithelia (barrier in between cells) and controls transport of materials or signals between cells (paracellular transport).
Cell Junctions
What type of cell junction forms a barrier against water and antigens?
Tight Junction
What type of cell junction can respond changes in their microenvironment?
Adhesive Junction
What type of cell junction allows molecules and electrical signals (ions) to pass?
Gap Junction
What are the types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
What type of involuntary muscle tissue is located in the GI tract?
Smooth Muscle
Epithelial tissue is broadly categorized as either _____________ or ____________.
1) Covering and lining epithelium
2) Glandular epithelium
What is the difference between the Apical Layer and Basal Layer?
Apical is the most superficial layer of cells, while Basal Layer is the deepest layer of cells and attached to the basement membrane.
What type of epithelium is thin, flat shape allows rapid passage of substances through them?
Squamous
What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the esophagus, mouth, and cervix?
Squamous
What type of epithelium is as tall as it is wide?
Cuboidal
What type of epithelium is found in the salivary glands and thyroid follicles?
Cuboidal
What type of epithelium is taller than it is wide?
Collumnar
What type of epithelial cells increase the surface area?
Microvilli
What type of epithelial cells help remove contaminates or move particles?
Cilia
What type of Epithelium would be found in the urinary bladder?
Transitional Epithelium
What are the functions of simple epithelium?
Secretion, Absorption, Osmosis, Diffusion
What morphology of epithelium functions to allow rapid passage of substances through them?
Squamous
What function of simple epithelial tissue allows movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
Osmosis
What function of simple epithelial tissue allows movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
Definition: Simple epithelium that appears to be stratified because the nuclei lie at different levels & not all cells reach the apical surface, but all cells rest on the basement membrane?
Psuedostratified Epithelium
What specialized type of psuedostratified cell secretes mucus?
Goblet Cell
What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water proofing qualities & high friction resistance?
Keratin
What is the name for epithelial cells that lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin; they are no longer living cells?
Keratinocytes
What is type of epithelial cells do not all go to the apical surface but they do all rest on the basement membrane?
Psuedostratified Epithelium
Explain the differences between keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium in regards to:
1) Location within the body
2) Funtion
Non-Keratinized is on wet interior surfaces like the mouth, tongue, etc and is used to protect against wear and tear
Keratinized is on dry outer surfaces and protects against friction AND water
What are the three components of connective tissue?
1) Extracellular Matrix
2) Resident Cells
3) Protein Fibers
What is the extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells embedded within it?
Extracellular Matrix
Remember the ECM is like the Jello, around the fruit (connective tissue cells) that are within it
1) What is the most common cell in connective tissue?
2) What is the most abundant protein within connective tissue?
1) Fibroblasts
2) Collagen
What is not a function of fibroblasts?
A) Synthesize Collagen
B) Synthesize Adipose
C) Secrete Elastin
D) Synthesize Reticulin
B) Synthesize Adipose
Fibroblasts Synthesize and Secrete Collagen, Elastin, and Reticulin
What type of connective tissue fiber makes up the supporting FRAMEWORK and make the SHAPE of many soft organs?
Reticular Tissue
Reticular means “Net-like”
What connective tissue cell is also known as Fat Cells
Adipocytes
What type of connective tissue cells function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response?
Mast Cells
They release Histamines
Where are Mast Cells located?
Near small blood vessels in the skin.
What type of connective tissue fiber is very strong and resistant to SHEAR force (Like ripping)?
Collagen
What are the three types of cell membranes?
1) Mucous Membrane
2) Synovial Membrane
3) Serous Membrane
What type of cell membrane:
1) Lines the entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system.
2) Lines body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior & covers organs that lie within the
cavity.
3) Lines Joints
1) Mucous
2) Serous
3) Synovial
What is the name for the serous membrane that lines and covers the heart?
Pericardium
What is the name for the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs?
Peritonium
What is the name for the serous membrane the lines the thoracic cavity?
Pleura (Also covers the lungs)
What are the layers of the skin?
1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
What layer of skin is “Alive”
Dermis
What are the layers of the Epidermis?
1) Corneum
2) Lucidum
3) Granulosum
4) Spinosum
5) Basale
___________ numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds.
Melanocyte
What type of cell are expanded dendritic endings in epidermis of glabrous skin that respond to
sustained pressure and touch?
Merkel Cells
What type of cells sample any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis and play a large part in the skins adaptive immunity?
Dendritic Cells (Langerhan’s Cells)
What type of glands release secretions directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine Glands
What type of glands release secretions onto an epithelial surface?
Exocrine Glands
What are the derm specific exocrine glands?
1) Sebaceous Glands
2) Sudoriferous Glands
What do Sebaceous Glands open into?
Hair follicles
What is secreted by Sebaceous Glands?
Sebum
What are the functions of Sebum?
1) Lubricate Hair
2) Thermoregulation
What are the two types of Sudoriferous glands?
1) Eccrine Glands
2) Apocrine Glands
What type of gland is not attached to a hair folicle?
A) Eccrine Glands
B) Apocrine Glands
C) Sebaceous Glands
A) Eccrine Glands
Eccrine glands empty directly onto the skin surface, not from a hair follicle.
Where are Sebaceous Glands found?
Where are Eccrine Glands found?
Where are Apocrine Glands found?
Sabaceous = Everywhere except palms and soles
Eccrine = Everywhere
Apocrine = Mainly hairy areas like the axillae and perineum
What gland doesnt become functional until puberty?
Apocrine
What is the “Smelly” gland?
Apocrine
What are the functions of nails?
1) Protect distal phalanx and surrounding tissue
2) Enhance precise movements
3) Enable extended grip strength
How long does it take a fingernail to re-grow?
3-6 months
How long does it take for a toenail to re-grow?
12-18 months
What are the 3 main pigments that influence skin color?
1) Melanin
2) Carotene
3) Hemoglobin
High ________ = Dark brown to black skin tones
High ________ = Yellow to reddish skin tones
High ________ = Red to pinkish skin tones
High Melanin = Dark brown to black skin tones
High Carotene = Yellow/Orange skin tones
High Hemoglobin = Red to pinkish skin tones
What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color?
Melanin
What stimulates melanin production?
Ultraviolet Light
What is a genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin or hair?
Albinism
What are the complications of Albinism?
1) Sunburn easy
2) Increased chance for skin cancer
What is an Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes?
Vitiligo
Are tattoos considered a type of lesion?
Yup
What are the functions of skin?
1) Temperature regulation
2) Protection
3) Cutaneous Sensation
4) Excretion
5) Absorption
6) Synthesis of Vitamin D
How is vitamin D converted to Calcitrol?
Exposure of the skin to UV light
What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
1) Localized Hyperthermia (Its warm)
2) Erythema
3) Localized Edema
4) Pain
5) Loss of function
What form of aging is not preventable and happens to everyone?
Intrinsic Aging
What form of aging is a preventable structural & functional change of the skin that occur with exposure to outside sources?
Extrinsic Aging
What is the most important source of preventable extrinsic aging?
UV Light Exposure (Photo-aging)
What is the cause of weakened cutaneous immunity in the elderly?
Reduction in number and responsiveness of Langerhans cells
Reduction in what type of protein during dermal aging causes an increased rate of UV exposure (photodamage)?
Collagen Fiber
What is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has a capacity for continuous renewal?
Epithelial Tissue
What type of tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal?
Nervous Tissue
During what phase of healing do platelets and fibrin clots form in the injured space?
Inflammatory Phase (1-3 days after injury)
What type of cells release chemical mediators causing local capillary vasodilation during the inflammatory phase of healing?
Mast Cells
What are the major cellular agents in the proliferative phase of healing?
Fibroblasts
What are the phases of healing?
1) Inflammatory Phase (Day 1-3 after injury)
2) Proliferative Phase ( Day 2-10 after)
3) Remodeling Phase (2-3 weeks after)
4) Late Remodeling Phase ( Months- year after)
How long after a wound occurs, does the tensile strength return to full strength?
It never returns to full strength
What are examples of healing by primary intention?
Sutures, Staples, Dermal Adhesive
What type of healing relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or
edges?
Secondary Intention
What type of healing relies on dermal edges that are close together and easily approximated?
Primary Intention
