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PRAXIS Prep > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

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1
Q

medical term for “dry mouth”

A

xerostomia

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2
Q

Projection fibers

A

create connections between cortex and subcortical structures

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3
Q

association fibers

A

connect areas within same hemisphere

superior longitudinal fibers, aka arcuate fasciculus

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4
Q

commissural fibers

A

inter-hemispheric connectors (connect right and left hemispheres)
*corpus callosum

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5
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal nerve

  • mixed nerve (sensory & motor nerve)
  • 3 branches: opthalmic branch (sensory branch from nose, eyes, forehead); maxillary branch (sensory branch from nose, upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, nasopharynx, palate); mandibular branch (sensory branch from mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheek, part of external ear/motor fibers that innervate temporalis, lateral & medial pterygoids, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric)
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6
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve, mixed nerve (sensory & motor)

  • sensory fibers responsible for taste sensations on ANTERIOR 2/3 of tongue
  • motor fibers innervate muscles important for facial expression and speech
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7
Q

CN VIII

A

acoustic/vestibulocochlear nerve

  • sensory nerve
  • balance and hearing
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8
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve, mixed

  • motor fibers supply digestive system, heart, lungs, pharynx, larynx
  • sensory fibers = convey info from digestive system, heart, trachea and bronchi, lower pharynx, larynx, epiglottis; transmits pain, touch, and temperature from skin
  • RLN supplies intrinsic muscles of larynx (LCA, PCA, interarytenoids, thyroarytenoid)
  • SLN = CRICOTHYROID
  • pharyngeal branch - pharyngeal constrictors and muscles of velum EXCEPT tensor veli palatini (CN V)
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9
Q

CN XI

A

spinal accessory nerve, motor nerve

  • supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles –> assist in head and neck movements
  • also innervates uvula and levator veli palatini muscles of soft palate (along with vagus nerve CN X)
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10
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve, motor nerve

  • runs under tongue
  • supplies ALL intrinsic muscles of tongue and ALL extrinsic muscles EXCEPT palatoglossus muscle (CN IX)
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11
Q

Van Riper’s stuttering approach

A

FLUENT STUTTERING (STUTTER-more-fluently)

  • stuttering identification
  • desensitization to stuttering
  • modifying stuttering = cancellation, pull-outs, preparatory sets
  • counseling
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12
Q

Fluency Shaping Method

A

SPEAK-more-fluently

  • airflow management
  • *easy onsets
  • reduced rate of speech, no pausing
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13
Q

Fluency Reinforcement Method

A
  • **works with young children

- positively reinforces fluent speech in naturalistic conversational contexts

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14
Q

Masking & Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques

A

slowed down rate of speech –> monotonous speech

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15
Q

Pause-and-talk (time out)

A
  • direct stuttering reduction method
  • person who stutters is taught to pause after each dysfluency and then resume talking
  • preferred for older children and adults
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16
Q

Response cost

A
  • direct stuttering reduction method
  • for every instance of stuttering, clinician takes away a token, which is awarded for every fluent production
  • preferred for preschoolers and young children
17
Q

acceleration-deceleration injuries

A
  • head is set into motion by physical forces but brain is still static –> brain begins to move –> when head stops moving, brain keeps moving inside skill –> brain hits skull on opposite side of initial impact
  • more serious than non-acceleration injuries
18
Q

non-acceleration injuries

A

restrained head is hit by a moving object

  • ex. car crushing a mechanic that is underneath it
  • impression trauma
19
Q

ataxia

A

muscular incoordination and irregular movements

20
Q

ataxic dysarthria

A
  • damage to cerebellar system
  • characterized primarily by articulatory and prosodic problems (impaired timing and coordination of muscle movements), hypotonia, uncoordinated, jerky, imprecise movements
21
Q

flaccid dysarthria

A
  • LMN damage
  • characterized by hypotonia, muscle weakness, drunken speech
  • causes: ALS, myasthenia gravis
  • can affect speech related CN (V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)
22
Q

hyperkinetic dysarthria

A
  • damage to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)
  • characterized by involuntary movements (myoclonus, tics, chorea, athetosis, ballism, hemiballism, dystonia, etc.)
  • common causes: degenerative diseases (Huntington’s disease), vascular diseases (brainstem stroke), TBI, Tourette’s, spasmodic dysphonia
23
Q

hypokinetic dysarthria

A
  • damage to basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)
  • characterized by muscular rigidity, reduced force & range of movements, tremors, mask-like face, micrographic writing, shuffling steps
  • common causes: Parkinson’s disease, CVA, drug toxicity, etc.
24
Q

spastic dysarthria

A
  • damage to UMN
  • characterized by spasticity, weakness, imprecise production of consonants, distorted vowels, etc.
  • common causes: multiple strokes, MS, TBI, etc.
25
Q

mixed dysarthria

A
  • combination of 2 or more dysarthrias
  • most common mixed forms = flaccid-spastic (associated with ALS)
    & ataxic-spastic (associated with MS)
26
Q

unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria (UUMN)

A
  • damage to UMN
  • characterized by unilateral weakness (of the face, tongue, palate, etc.), harshness, imprecise production of consonants, etc.
  • associated disorders: dysphagia, apraxia, aphasia, right-hemisphere syndrome
27
Q

myoclonus

A
  • involuntary, rapidly occurring jerks of body parts

- may be single or multiple muscles

28
Q

orofacial dyskinesia

A

abnormal, involuntary, rhythmic or nonrhythmic movements of the orofacial muscles

29
Q

chorea

A

purposeles, random, involuntary movements of body parts

30
Q

athetosis

A

slow, writhing, purposeless movements; may be a combination of chorea and dystonia

31
Q

dystonia

A

contractions of antagonistic muscles that cause abnormal postures

32
Q

ballism

A

bilateral, involuntary, and irregular movement of the extremities; can be violent

33
Q

hemiballism

A

unilateral, involuntary, and irregular movement of the extremities; can be violent

34
Q

akinesia

A

absence of movement; immobile posture

35
Q

bradykinesia

A

difficulty with the initiation of movement

36
Q

festination

A

type of gait characterized by short, shuffling footsteps that progressively quicken; often seem as an attempt to maintain balance

37
Q

hypomimia

A

diminished facial movement causing a lack of facial expression

38
Q

hypokinesia

A

reduced amount and range of motion

PRAXIS Prep (1 decks)

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