review

Question 1

What do all research problems have in common

Answer 1

What : Topic 
Who : populations 
When : time periods 
Where : Locations
Why : Theory and practice applications

Question 2

What is the purpose of a Literature Review

Answer 2

Helps to justify your topic
helps you narrate what you are trying to do
Provides examples of complimentary and juxtaposing perspectives

Question 3

TIPS for searching

Answer 3

Do not try to be exhaustive
keep track of key words
make note of common journals
beware of using same researchers 
find a few, read, repeat
expect back and forth

Question 4

Purpose statement

Answer 4

what do you want to accomplish with this research?
what is the point?
“If it’s clear and concise, I’ll be nice”
“if it follows the template, I won’t hate”

Question 5

Quantitative purpose statement

Answer 5

The purpose of this study is to describe, examine, test
variables
framework or model
Hypothesis “given what I’m going to do, here is what I think will happen”

Question 6

Qualitative purpose statement

Answer 6

the purpose of this study is to describe, better understand, explore, critique, challenge, give voice to…
general ideal, phenomena
Worldview or approach
Question “given what is known, here is what i am looking into” “given what i found, here are the questions i can answer”

Question 7

descriptive study

Answer 7

how many people experience…
who experiences…
how is ___ experienced

Question 8

Predictive study

Answer 8

is there a relationship between _____ and ______

does this relationship actually exist

Question 9

Explanatory study

Answer 9

why is there a relationship
cause and effect
…because…

Question 10

Theory

Answer 10

explanations based on a lot of knowledge

Question 11

5 components all informed by your worldview

Answer 11

research topic - what are you generally interested in?
Research problem - What needs particular attention?
Literature Review - How can you draw on others’ ideas to help you (a) provide context and (b) convince me there is a need for your study
Purpose - What do you want to accomplish with this research
Research questions (and hypotheses) - What will your research be able to speak to, specifically?

Question 12

post positivism

Answer 12

premised on the notion that there is a single reality or objective truth to be discovered through research
ex. enhanced flexibility and strength result in increased parallel bar performance in gymnastics
main research approach QUANTITATIVE

Question 13

Constructivism

Answer 13

the notion that multiple realities exist and that meaning is varied and complex
ex. people in the same situation may all experience a different emotion
Main research approach is QUALITATIVE

Question 14

Pragmatism

Answer 14

Researchers need to be concerned with solutions to problems, there is no commitment to any single notion of reality
ex. Concerned about the application, or doing what works
Main research approach is MIXED METHODS

Question 15

Transformative

Answer 15

The notion that research needs to be closely connected with politics and have an action agenda to advocate for marginalized groups
ex. have an underlying objective to better the lives of people in their study
Main research approach is QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE

Question 16

Two-eyed seeing

Answer 16

There are many ways of understanding the world
ex. embracing learning systems of both indigenous and western cultures. premised on respect, reflection, and co-learning
Main research approach is QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE

Question 17

what are independent and dependent variables

Answer 17

Independent : Predicts; when manipulated, has an impact on something. What you as the researcher manipulate

Dependent : Depends on something; is affected by… What you are measuring

Question 18

What is a Mediator and Moderator

Answer 18

Mediator : can partially explain relationship between independent and dependent

Moderator : Can partially explain but we can’t manipulate (ex. age, grade, socioeconomic status, gender)

Question 19

What is a control and Extraneous

Answer 19

Control : Might have an impact but we aren’t studying them (we need to “control” their influence)

Extraneous : They might have an impact but we arent studying them (aren’t able to “control”)

Question 20

What is the difference between methods, design, and methodology

Answer 20

Methods : Tools (what)
Design : Structure (how)
Methodology : Rationale (why)

Question 21

Narrative

Answer 21

Focuses on the stories of individuals
individual stories serve as a representation of broader social experiences
life history – depict the entire life of an individual
oral history – a collection of memories that hold historical significance
in-depth unstructured interviews

Question 22

Ethnography

Answer 22

driven by questions that seek to understand cultures/cultural groups
can immerse oneself in a certain culture that is different from one’s own
critical ethnography – a political agenda and some form of narrative inquiry, which is sometimes referred to as self-narrative
Autoethnography – the study of one’s own culture and is also a form of narrative inquiry, which is sometimes referred to as self-narrative
participant observation is typically the primary process used for data generation (now also some interviews and documents)

Question 23

Phenomenology

Answer 23

involves the study of a phenomenon or a concept through the exploration of lived experiences
strong philosophical worldview roots
human consciousness and lived experiences provide an avenue for understanding the nature of social reality
interpretative phenomenological analysis – understanding how experiences of the phenomenon are perceived by participants and how people make sense of their social and personal world
empirical phenomenology – descriptive, whereby a structural analysis of participants’ experiences result in a description of the essential structures of the phenomenon

Question 24

Case study

Answer 24

some argue this only shows what should be studied and not how it should be studies
the “case” is bounded by time, place, people (team, event, organization, or community)
intrinsic case study – focus is on understanding the complexity of the case
instrumental case study – focuses on a specific case because it can provide insight into an issue of interest
collective case study – instrumental case study that includes several cases
includes multiple forms of data generation

Question 25

qualitative description

Answer 25

want to develop a comprehensive description and summary of a phenomenon or event in “everyday language”
takes on hues, tones, and textures of other approaches

Question 26

grounded theory

Answer 26

focus on the generation and analysis of data to construct a theory
theory is a general explanation of an event, process, action or phenomenon
data saturation – no new information will surface; so no additional data is needs to be generated

Question 27

When do we do data analysis

Answer 27

immediately - we are a filter, right from the start

Throughout - every time we learn something new

Question 28

steps in qualitative data analysis

Answer 28

Step 1: organize and prepare the date
Step 2: Read or look at all the data 
Step 3: start coding all the data 
Step 4: generate descriptions or themes
Step 5: decide how the findings will be represented
Step 6: Interpret the findings

Question 29

Trustworthiness

• truth-value?
• Applicability?
• Consistency?
• Neutrality?

Answer 29

Truth-value – how true is the finding for the study participants? do participants agree?
Applicability – can the findings be applied to other contexts or with other participants?
Consistency – would similar findings emerge if a study were replicated in similar circumstances? can we depend on these findings?
Neutrality – is the study based on the participants; meaning and experiences? Can’t strive for objectivity so we strive for neutrality

Question 30

strategies for trustworthiness

Answer 30

audit trail
member check
peer debrief
present negative or discrepant informaiton 
prolonged engagement
purposeful sampling
researcher reflexivity
rich, thick descriptions
triangulation

Question 31

4 ways of ethics

Answer 31

1. ensure respect for persons
2. demonstrate concern for quality of their experiences
3. treat people fairly and equitably
4. address tensions between goals of research and rights of participants

Question 32

key questions to determine the design of the quantitative study

Answer 32

how are my participants recruited involved?
how complex is my study? how many measurements am i using (time and type)
What types of data am i collecting?
do i want to generalize to other populations or settings?
do i need to be able to conclude that my findings are based on the intervention? my manipulation?

Question 33

Experimental design

Answer 33

high internal validity 
the random sample that is randomly assigned into control and experimental groups 
looking for cause and effect 
pre and post test 
between groups 
within subjects

Question 34

Quasi-Experimental design

Answer 34

high external validity 
already existing groups. one assigned control and the other experimental 
pre and post test
repeated measures (wash out period)
single subjects

Question 35

pre experimental design

Answer 35

generally not very valid

one sample given intervention

Question 36

non-experimental

Answer 36

CANNOT BE USED FOR cause and effect
opinion or perspective in a quantifiable way
descriptive / predictive

Question 37

Nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Answer 37

Nominal - numerical or categorical, no specific order (ex. number of different exercises in a program, nationality, favorite animal)
ordinal - ordered, no fixed unit of measurement (ex. bad, neutral, good)
interval - a fixed unit of measurements where zero does not mean nothing (ex. year of birth, degrees celsius)
ratio - A fixed unit of measurements where zero does mean nothing (ex. body length, number of children)

Question 38

Mode
Median
mean 
range 
standard deviation

Answer 38

Mode - most common
Median - the middle score
mean - the average score
range - the spread of scores
standard deviation - the deviation of the scores from the average

Question 39

internal validity

Answer 39

can we claim that our intervention or manipulation is the cause of what we are witnessing
true experimental?
Control group or data, random order of conditions, pre-manipulation data, wash out period, standardization of procedures

Question 40

external validity

Answer 40

can our results/ effects of the intervention be seen across other contexts or populations
quasi-experimental?
is the sample representative of the population you want to generalize to? Do the conditions of the experiment reflect the real world in which an intervention is likely to take place?

Question 41

logical validity

Answer 41

what is the quality of the arguments being made? is there a theoretical or practical need for the study? do their interpretations make sense?
justification for your study, choice of analysis, design, sampling, process, what you can say

Question 42

Construct validity

Answer 42

do the measures make sense? are they measuring what they say they are measuring? are the measures consistent and accurate?
what do experts say? is it consistent? does it pick up on what we would expect it to? does the data line up with that from other well-established measurement tools? is it able to differentiate between similar concepts?

Question 43

WEIRD

Answer 43

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic