review Flashcards
What do all research problems have in common
What : Topic Who : populations When : time periods Where : Locations Why : Theory and practice applications
What is the purpose of a Literature Review
Helps to justify your topic
helps you narrate what you are trying to do
Provides examples of complimentary and juxtaposing perspectives
TIPS for searching
Do not try to be exhaustive keep track of key words make note of common journals beware of using same researchers find a few, read, repeat expect back and forth
Purpose statement
what do you want to accomplish with this research?
what is the point?
“If it’s clear and concise, I’ll be nice”
“if it follows the template, I won’t hate”
Quantitative purpose statement
The purpose of this study is to describe, examine, test
variables
framework or model
Hypothesis “given what I’m going to do, here is what I think will happen”
Qualitative purpose statement
the purpose of this study is to describe, better understand, explore, critique, challenge, give voice to…
general ideal, phenomena
Worldview or approach
Question “given what is known, here is what i am looking into” “given what i found, here are the questions i can answer”
descriptive study
how many people experience…
who experiences…
how is ___ experienced
Predictive study
is there a relationship between _____ and ______
does this relationship actually exist
Explanatory study
why is there a relationship
cause and effect
…because…
Theory
explanations based on a lot of knowledge
5 components all informed by your worldview
research topic - what are you generally interested in?
Research problem - What needs particular attention?
Literature Review - How can you draw on others’ ideas to help you (a) provide context and (b) convince me there is a need for your study
Purpose - What do you want to accomplish with this research
Research questions (and hypotheses) - What will your research be able to speak to, specifically?
post positivism
premised on the notion that there is a single reality or objective truth to be discovered through research
ex. enhanced flexibility and strength result in increased parallel bar performance in gymnastics
main research approach QUANTITATIVE
Constructivism
the notion that multiple realities exist and that meaning is varied and complex
ex. people in the same situation may all experience a different emotion
Main research approach is QUALITATIVE
Pragmatism
Researchers need to be concerned with solutions to problems, there is no commitment to any single notion of reality
ex. Concerned about the application, or doing what works
Main research approach is MIXED METHODS
Transformative
The notion that research needs to be closely connected with politics and have an action agenda to advocate for marginalized groups
ex. have an underlying objective to better the lives of people in their study
Main research approach is QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE
Two-eyed seeing
There are many ways of understanding the world
ex. embracing learning systems of both indigenous and western cultures. premised on respect, reflection, and co-learning
Main research approach is QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE
what are independent and dependent variables
Independent : Predicts; when manipulated, has an impact on something. What you as the researcher manipulate
Dependent : Depends on something; is affected by… What you are measuring
What is a Mediator and Moderator
Mediator : can partially explain relationship between independent and dependent
Moderator : Can partially explain but we can’t manipulate (ex. age, grade, socioeconomic status, gender)
What is a control and Extraneous
Control : Might have an impact but we aren’t studying them (we need to “control” their influence)
Extraneous : They might have an impact but we arent studying them (aren’t able to “control”)
What is the difference between methods, design, and methodology
Methods : Tools (what)
Design : Structure (how)
Methodology : Rationale (why)
Narrative
Focuses on the stories of individuals
individual stories serve as a representation of broader social experiences
life history – depict the entire life of an individual
oral history – a collection of memories that hold historical significance
in-depth unstructured interviews
Ethnography
driven by questions that seek to understand cultures/cultural groups
can immerse oneself in a certain culture that is different from one’s own
critical ethnography – a political agenda and some form of narrative inquiry, which is sometimes referred to as self-narrative
Autoethnography – the study of one’s own culture and is also a form of narrative inquiry, which is sometimes referred to as self-narrative
participant observation is typically the primary process used for data generation (now also some interviews and documents)
Phenomenology
involves the study of a phenomenon or a concept through the exploration of lived experiences
strong philosophical worldview roots
human consciousness and lived experiences provide an avenue for understanding the nature of social reality
interpretative phenomenological analysis – understanding how experiences of the phenomenon are perceived by participants and how people make sense of their social and personal world
empirical phenomenology – descriptive, whereby a structural analysis of participants’ experiences result in a description of the essential structures of the phenomenon
Case study
some argue this only shows what should be studied and not how it should be studies
the “case” is bounded by time, place, people (team, event, organization, or community)
intrinsic case study – focus is on understanding the complexity of the case
instrumental case study – focuses on a specific case because it can provide insight into an issue of interest
collective case study – instrumental case study that includes several cases
includes multiple forms of data generation
qualitative description
want to develop a comprehensive description and summary of a phenomenon or event in “everyday language”
takes on hues, tones, and textures of other approaches
grounded theory
focus on the generation and analysis of data to construct a theory
theory is a general explanation of an event, process, action or phenomenon
data saturation – no new information will surface; so no additional data is needs to be generated
When do we do data analysis
immediately - we are a filter, right from the start
Throughout - every time we learn something new
steps in qualitative data analysis
Step 1: organize and prepare the date Step 2: Read or look at all the data Step 3: start coding all the data Step 4: generate descriptions or themes Step 5: decide how the findings will be represented Step 6: Interpret the findings
Trustworthiness
- truth-value?
- Applicability?
- Consistency?
- Neutrality?
Truth-value – how true is the finding for the study participants? do participants agree?
Applicability – can the findings be applied to other contexts or with other participants?
Consistency – would similar findings emerge if a study were replicated in similar circumstances? can we depend on these findings?
Neutrality – is the study based on the participants; meaning and experiences? Can’t strive for objectivity so we strive for neutrality
strategies for trustworthiness
audit trail member check peer debrief present negative or discrepant informaiton prolonged engagement purposeful sampling researcher reflexivity rich, thick descriptions triangulation
4 ways of ethics
- ensure respect for persons
- demonstrate concern for quality of their experiences
- treat people fairly and equitably
- address tensions between goals of research and rights of participants
key questions to determine the design of the quantitative study
how are my participants recruited involved?
how complex is my study? how many measurements am i using (time and type)
What types of data am i collecting?
do i want to generalize to other populations or settings?
do i need to be able to conclude that my findings are based on the intervention? my manipulation?
Experimental design
high internal validity the random sample that is randomly assigned into control and experimental groups looking for cause and effect pre and post test between groups within subjects
Quasi-Experimental design
high external validity already existing groups. one assigned control and the other experimental pre and post test repeated measures (wash out period) single subjects
pre experimental design
generally not very valid
one sample given intervention
non-experimental
CANNOT BE USED FOR cause and effect
opinion or perspective in a quantifiable way
descriptive / predictive
Nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
Nominal - numerical or categorical, no specific order (ex. number of different exercises in a program, nationality, favorite animal)
ordinal - ordered, no fixed unit of measurement (ex. bad, neutral, good)
interval - a fixed unit of measurements where zero does not mean nothing (ex. year of birth, degrees celsius)
ratio - A fixed unit of measurements where zero does mean nothing (ex. body length, number of children)
Mode Median mean range standard deviation
Mode - most common Median - the middle score mean - the average score range - the spread of scores standard deviation - the deviation of the scores from the average
internal validity
can we claim that our intervention or manipulation is the cause of what we are witnessing
true experimental?
Control group or data, random order of conditions, pre-manipulation data, wash out period, standardization of procedures
external validity
can our results/ effects of the intervention be seen across other contexts or populations
quasi-experimental?
is the sample representative of the population you want to generalize to? Do the conditions of the experiment reflect the real world in which an intervention is likely to take place?
logical validity
what is the quality of the arguments being made? is there a theoretical or practical need for the study? do their interpretations make sense?
justification for your study, choice of analysis, design, sampling, process, what you can say
Construct validity
do the measures make sense? are they measuring what they say they are measuring? are the measures consistent and accurate?
what do experts say? is it consistent? does it pick up on what we would expect it to? does the data line up with that from other well-established measurement tools? is it able to differentiate between similar concepts?
WEIRD
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
