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0
Q

What is a cancer cluster

A

An area where alot of cancer cases are observed

Example Chernobyl

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1
Q

What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance

A

Codominance is when two alleles are equally dominant

Incomplete dominance is a mixing of phenotype a where the offspring shows an intermediate phenotype

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2
Q

What is the difference between an oncogene and protooncogene?

A

Oncogene is a mutated form of a gene that promotes cancer development
Porto-oncogene is a gene involved in cell division that promotes normal cell division when functioning properly

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3
Q

How is biological fitness estimated

A

The number of offspring an organism produces is counted and compared to other organisms in the same population.

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4
Q

Why was Darwin and Wallace’s theory a big deal?

A

It proposed that species change over time and highlighted that importance of variation among species

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5
Q

What is a vestigial trait?

A

Traits that are reduced or incompletely developed structure that has little to no function in an organism

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6
Q

Name and describe the three types of homololgies

A

Structural- morphological
Arm bones in birds and in humans

Developmental- embryos
Tail in humans

Genetics- DNA
Humans and fruit flies

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7
Q

Define evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies over time

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8
Q

List the three types of natural selection and describe them

A

Directional

Stabilization

Disruptive

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9
Q

What is the difference the difference between pre and post-zygotic isolation

A 
Pre zygotic- before fertilization 
Temporal/seasonal 
Habitat/ ecological 
Behavior no attraction 
Gametic barrier 
Mechanical 
Postzygotic- after fertilization 
Hybrid viability- zygote does not develop properly or does shortly after birth
Hybrid sterility- hybrid will survive but cannot reproduce
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10
Q

Why doesn’t gene flow promote speciation

A

Gene flow makes two populations more similar over time this speculation is not likely to occur in a population that is continuously mating with members of another population

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11
Q

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation

A

Sympatric speciation involves a genetic separation that does not involve physical barriers
Allopatric speciation involves a geographic isolation
Dispersal- colony formation
Vicariance- chance barrier formation

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms of evolution? Be able to define them

A

Natural selection- certain alleles are favored

Gene flow- movement of alleles between populations

Genetic Drift- random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events

Mutation- production of new alleles

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13
Q

What is the difference between a genetic bottleneck and a fonder effect?

A

Genetic bottle neck- population size is greatly reduced

Fonder effect- changes in gene frequencies that usually accompany starting a new population from a small number of Individuals

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14
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

A way of defining species by whom they can mate with

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15
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

A mathematical model that says that genotype frequencies don’t chance from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary chances.

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16
Q

How old is earth

A

4.6 billion years old

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17
Q

What decreased the number of infections from 1900 to 1940

A

The introduction of the germ theroy changes in sanitation and changes in nutrition

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18
Q

What disease caused the major spike in deaths in 1918?

A

The Spanish flu

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19
Q

Fungus are called the great decomposes because they can breakdown what two compounds

A

Lignin and cellulose

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20
Q

Why are Cyanobacteria important ?

A

They were the first organisms to do oxygen photosynthesis

They also increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere

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21
Q

When was the pre Cambrian period

A

4.6 billion years ago to 542 million years ago

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22
Q

List 4 hypotheses that might explain the Cambrian explosion ?

A

Increased oxygen levels
Evolution of predation
Increase abundance and variety of niches
New genes cause by mutations

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23
Q

Why are protist considered a para phyletic group

A

They do not share a single common ancestor
Not all eukaryotes are protist
Land plants animals and fungi are not Protists

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24
Q

What is a mass extinction

A

Where at least 60% of a species are wiped out within a million years

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25
Q

Why is the germ theory important ? What did Robert Koch successfully link?

A

It links a specific bacteria with a specific disease, improved sanitation and removed superstition of whiches and evil causing death

Diseases: cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax

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26
Q

What is the endosymbiosis theory

A

Lynn Margulis’s theory that claims that mitochondria originated when a bacteria took residence in a eukaryotic cell

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27
Q

What is the out of Africa hypothesis

A

All humans came from Africa.

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28
Q

How is the nuclear envelope formed

A

Plasma membrane surrounding the chromosomes folded inward

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29
Q

What is an adaptive radiation? What causes adaptive radiation?

A

When a single lineage produces many descendant species that live in a wide variety of habitats and use a wide variety of resources
New resources or new ways to exploit resources

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30
Q

What is ecology list the four levels and why is it important

A 
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact in their environment 
Organismal 
Population 
Community 
Ecosystem 
It is important to preserve species
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31
Q

What is a biome

A

Large climatic regions
Defined by vegetation that is driven by temp and rainfall
Observed in patterns of latitude and logitude

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32
Q

What is NPP

A

Net Primary Production

Amount of energy available to consumers and decomposes

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33
Q

What is a Hadley cell?

A

Tropical atmospheric circulation pattern
Hot air rises near equator
The air is pushed poleward by the wind current
Cooler less dense air descends over the subtropics

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34
Q

What is an upwelling ?

What causes them ?

A

Water current that comes up from the bottom of the ocean
Wind blows across the surface of the water
Earth rotation pushes surface water offshore
Nutrient laden water from the bottom of the ocean is pushed upward

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35
Q

What are the three general patterns driving the climates in the USA

A

Westerly winds blow weather systems until they hit mountain ranges
Precipitation is dumped on the west side of the mountains while dry air moves east
Wet air is circulated north from the Gulf of Mexico

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36
Q

What is the purpose of a food chain

A

To connect trophic levels in an ecosystem and show the movement of energy and nutrients

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37
Q

What is biomagnification

A

Increase in concentration of a toxin at higher levels on a food chain

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38
Q

What is toxphene?

What does POP stand for?

A

A POP or persistent organic pollutant that bio magnifies in ecosystems because it is a fat-soluble which means it cannot be excreted by an organism

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39
Q

What is an estrogen mimic?

A

Chemicals that is shaped like a steroid that your body misinterprets as a sex hormone

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40
Q

What is a keystone species

A

A species that has a tremendous effect on the structure and function of an ecosystem
Wolves near Yellowstone park

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41
Q

What is a mad hatter
What causes this syndrome
What ststem is affected within your body

A

Loopiness silliness
It is caused by mercury poisoning
It affects the central nervous system

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42
Q

What is sustainability

What affects sustainability

A

Being green

Factors human population growth, unwise use of resources and short term problem solving methods

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43
Q

Is global warming real?

What support do we have ?

A

Yes

Earth is warming at a much faster rate. Drastic increases in weather variability

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44
Q

What percentage of the egg is lost in the first 3 weeks of development

A

50%

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45
Q

What is a spontaneous abortion

A

It is a miscarriage 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies are spontaneously aborted

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46
Q

What are teratagenic birth defects?
What causes them?
How bad are they?

A

Birth defects that are caused by environmental effects that are experienced by a mother during her pregnancy
Caused by drugs alcohol
Can effect central nervous system and sexual development

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47
Q

What is tholitimoid

A

Morning sickness pill approved by Europe but not in the US

Causes birth defects

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48
Q

When and how do cells become haploids

A

Anaphase 1 the homologs separate

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49
Q

If a cat is n=16 what is the organisms diploid number ?

A

32

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50
Q

How are homologs chromosomes similar ?

A

Same size and shape they also carry the same genes, but not nessisarly the same alleles.

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51
Q

When does genetic recombination take place

A

Late prophase 1

Called crossing over

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52
Q

What is meant by the phrase “cost of sexual reproduction”?

A

A sexual produces more offspring but the offspring are more diverse in sexual reproduction

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53
Q

What is pleiotropy

A

When a single gene has multiple effects on a phenotype

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54
Q

What is a habitable zone

A

Distance from sun in which a planet is at a temperature that will allow for liquid water

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55
Q

What causes Down syndrome ?

A

In Antaphase the chromosomes fail to separate

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56
Q

What is multiple allelism ?

Give example

A

When genes have more than 2 alleles

Ex ABO blood type

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57
Q

What is meant by the statement “ meiosis is a reduction division”

A

Chromosomes number is halved

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58
Q

Meiosis two is similar to what process

A

Mitosis

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59
Q

Meiosis 1

What are the stages and what happens

A

Interphase- chromosomes replicate in parent cells.
Early prophase- nuclear envelope breaks down and spinal apparatus forms
Late prophase- crossing over of non sister chromatids
Metaphase- homologs line up along meta plate
Anaphase- homologs separate and go to opposite polls
Telophase- cells divid

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60
Q

How is meiosis 1 different from meiosis 2

A

No crossing over or synphasis

Sister chromatids separate in meiosis 2

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61
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Cells came from no where

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62
Q

What is blending inheritance ?

A

Is the idea that paternal traits blend together so that offspring has an intermediate trait

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63
Q

What is Inheritance of acquired characteristics ?

A

Paternal traits were modified by experiences and then pass to offspring

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64
Q

What is particulate inheritance ?

A

Idea that chromosomes maintain there integrity from generation to generation

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65
Q

What is a pure line ?

A

Are lines that produce offsprings that are the exact same as them they are homozygous

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66
Q

What is a reciprocal cross?

A

Is used to determine wheatear or not a trait is sex linked.

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67
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Is used to determine the unknown genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype

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68
Q

What is independent assortment

A

Alleles of different genes are transmitted to egg or sperm cells independently of each other

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69
Q

What is segregation

A

Prior to the formation of eggs and sperm the alleles of each gene seperate so that each gamete only receives one of them

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70
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Leads to abnormal chromosome compliments. If homologs or sister chromosatids do not separate normally, daughter cells receive wrong number of chromosomes

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71
Q

What is Aneuploid?

A

To many or to few chromosomes

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72
Q

Chiasma

A

This is where crossing over occurs late prophase 1 it is X shaped

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73
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

Change of combo of alleles on chromosome

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74
Q

What is out crossing ?

A

Sexual reproduction

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75
Q

What is trisomy?

A

Three copies of chromosomes

Down syndrome

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76
Q

When ploidy is 2n-1 it is?

A

Monosomy

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77
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

Offspring from mating between true breeding parents that differ in traits

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78
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

Number and type of chromosomes present

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79
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Same genetic info. Physically joined at a portion called the centromere

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80
Q

What are unreplicated chromosomes?

A

Single DNA molecule with proteins

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81
Q

What are replicated chromosomes?

A

Two sister chromatids

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82
Q

What is Gameteogenesis?

A

Origin of gametes

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83
Q

What is the life cycle?

A

Sequence from fertilization to offspring

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84
Q

What is Synaptonemal complex?

A

It holds sister chromatids together

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85
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Production of offspring without fusing of gametes, no energy waste for males, size of population grows quickly, purifying selection, reduce deleterious alleles, little genetic diversity

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86
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Production of offsprings through fusion of gametes, genetic diversity, disease resistance

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87
Q

Dihybrid crosses produce what ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

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88
Q

What is the paternal generation?

A

F1

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89
Q

What is the Genetic model?

A

Set of hypothesis that explains how a particular trait is inherited

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90
Q

What is the Locus?

A

Physical location on a gene

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91
Q

What is the Wildtype?

A

Most common phenotype for a trait?

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92
Q

What is linkage ?

A

Physical association among genes on the same chromosome

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93
Q

What is Recombinant ?

A

Combination of alleles on their X chromosome different from combination of alleles in parent generation

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94
Q

What is the Genetic Map

A

Shows relative position along particular chromosome

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95
Q

What is Polymorphic ?

A

More than two distinct phenotype a present in a population because of multiple allelism

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96
Q

What is Gene-by-environment ?

A

Phenotype is effected by both the environment and genotype

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97
Q

What is Gene-by-gene interaction ?

A

Phenotype of allele depends on action of alleles on other genes

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98
Q

What is a discrete trait?

A

Traits of either

Ex wrinkled and non wrinkled seeds

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99
Q

What are Quantitibe traits ?

A

Differ of degree

Bell curve

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100
Q

What is polygenic inheritance ?

A

Each gene adds a small Mkubt to value of phenotype

Usually Quantitibe traits

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101
Q

What is a Pedigree ?

A

Family tree

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102
Q

What is Pedigree autosomal dominant?

A

Doesn’t skip generations, unaffected parents do not have affected children

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103
Q

What is pedigree autosomal ressesive?

A

Skips generations carriers unaffected parents can have affected children

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104
Q

What is pedigree sex linked ?

A

Females or males only affected though can be carriers skips generations

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105
Q

What is pedigree X linked dominant trait ?

A

Affected males have all affected daughters no affected sons

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106
Q

Pedigree mitochondrial

A

Mitochondria passed on by mother only

107
Q

Evolution by natural selection occurs when?

A

Individuals with certain alleles produce the most surviving offsprings in a population

108
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

It is a genetically based trait that increases an individual’s ability to produce offsprings in a particular environment

109
Q

Does evolution by natural selection change characteristics of individuals ?

A

No it changes the populations

110
Q

Is evolution by natural selection progressive ?

A

No

111
Q

Are all traits adaptable ?

And do animals do things for the good of the species?

A

No not all traits are adaptable. All adaptions are constrained by trade offs and genetic and historical factors
No

112
Q

What is typological thinking ?

A

It is the idea that species are in changing types and variations within species and unimportant/ misleading

113
Q

What is population thinking ?

A

Instead of being unimportant/misleading variation amount individuals is the key to understanding the nature of species

114
Q

What is evolution to species

A

Descendant with modifications

115
Q

What is the pattern Component of evolution ?

A

Species change through time species related by common ancestory

116
Q

What is the fossil record

A

All fossils that have been found

117
Q

What is the geological time scale ?

A

Sequence of named intervals eons eras and periods

118
Q

What are sedimentary rock?

A

Mud sand minerals

Layers young on top of old

119
Q

With is a transitional feature?

A

Intermediate between those of older and younger species

120
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Family tree of populations or species

121
Q

What is homologs ?

A

Similarity in traits because inherited traits from common ancestor

122
Q

What are the 3 types of homology?

A

Gentic homology-DNA sequenced commonly
Developmental homology- embryonic commonality
Structural homology- similar in morphology (form)

123
Q

What is internal consistency?

A

Observation backed by independent resources.

124
Q

What are the 4 postulates of natural selection?

A
  1. Organisms that make population vary in traits they express
  2. Some traits are heritable
  3. In given generations, more offsprings produce that can survive
  4. Surviving offspring is not random
125
Q

What is adaption?

A

Heritable traits that increase fitness of in individual in a certain area. It increases fitness

126
Q

Natural selection acts on ?

A

Individuals

127
Q

Natural experiments ?

A

Allow researchers to compare treatment groups created by unplanned change in conditions

128
Q

What is acclamation?

A

Changes in individuals phenotype that occurs in response to changes in the environment

129
Q

What does SINES stand for?

A

Short interspersed nuclear elements.

130
Q

Fossils form when?

A

An organism in buried in ash sand mud or other sediments

131
Q

What is genetic correlation ?

A

Pleiotropy (one gene effects multiple traits)

132
Q

Amber is formed when?

A

If no decomposition, organic remains, and remains intact

133
Q

Petrified wood is formed when?

A

Remains Roy slowly dissolved minerals can infiltrate the interior of the cells and harden into stone

134
Q

What is habitat bias?

A

Places with alot of sediments more Likely to form fossils than organisms that live in other habitats

135
Q

What is taxonomic and tissue bias?

A

Slow decay is essential to fossilization

Harder organism parts are more likely to leave evidence

136
Q

What is temporal bias?

A

Recent fossils are more common that older fossils

137
Q

What is abundance bias?

A

Organisms that are abundant widespread and present on earth for long periods of time leave more evidence than ones that are not

138
Q

What is radio metric dating ?

A

Is based on decay rates of certain radioactive isotopes

139
Q

What era only had unicellular organisms and oxygen was not present on the earths atmosphere?

A

The Precambrian Era

140
Q

What era was the origin and initial diversification of animals land plants and fungis

A

Paleozoic era

141
Q

What era were the dinosaurs wiped out in?

A

The end of the Mesozoic Era

142
Q

What is a niche ?

A

Range of resources that a species can use range of conditions they can tolerate

143
Q

What are ecological opportunities

A

Meaning availability of new or novel types of resources

144
Q

What is Morphological innovation ?

A

One that allows descendants to live in new areas exploit new sources of good and move in new ways triggered many of the important diversification events in the history of life

145
Q

The first 3 billion years on earth organisms were ?

A

Unicellular

146
Q

How long ago was multicellular algae created?

A

1 billion years ago

147
Q

How long ago was the Cambrian explosion?

A

565 mya

148
Q

What triggered the Cambrian explosion?

A

Higher oxygen levels
Evolution of predation
New niches
New genes

149
Q

What were found at the doushantou ?

A

Tiny sponges clusters of cells( assumed animal embryos)

Probably lived by filtering organic debris from water

150
Q

What was found at Ediacaran Faunas?

A

It had sponges jellyfish comb jellies follilized burrows tracks and traces of unidentified animals
None had shells and its assumed that they burrowed

151
Q

The Burgess Shale fauna

A

Sponges jelly fish comb jellies Arthropoda mollusk
Increase in size of morphological complexity of animals occurred accompanied by diversification in how they made a living
Eyes mouths limbs and shells

152
Q

Name the five mass extinctions

A 
End-creaceous
Late Triasic
End Permian
Late Devonian 
End Ordovican
153
Q

What evidence of the Astroid impact is there ?

A

Concentration of iriium normal quartz vs shocked quartz walls of crater off the Yucatan Peninsula

154
Q

What is background extinction?

A

Lower average rate of extinction
Normal environmental changes, emerging diseases, or compition
. Natural selection

155
Q

What is the mother of all mass extinctions and left 10% of species?

A

End Permian

156
Q

What could of caused the end of Permian ?

A 
Global warming
Flood basalts added alot of CO2 
Heat
Oceans lost oxygen 
Sea levels dropped dramatically
157
Q

What is the impact hypothesis ?

A

An Astroid wiped out the dinosaurs

158
Q

What is bacteria ?

A

Peptidoglycan in cell walls

159
Q

What is Archeas?

A

Phospholipids in plasma membrane

160
Q

What are the lineages in bacteria and archea?

A

Ancient diverse abundant and ubiquitous

161
Q

What is a mono phyletic group?

A

Consists of a species and all decedents

162
Q

What is Cyanobacteria ?

A

A blue green algae

163
Q

What is extreophile?

A

High or low salt, temperatures, or pressure

164
Q

What is pathogenic?

A

Disease causing

165
Q

In terms of bio mass what is the most abundant form of life?

A

Bacteria and Archea

166
Q

How much of bacteria causes illnesses?

A

Only a tiny portion

167
Q

What was discovered in 1945

A

Penicillin

168
Q

What allows for heterotrophs to live almost anywhere?

A

Bacteria and archea by electron donors electron acceptors and fermentation substrates

169
Q

Evolution of 3 types of photosynthesis

A

Bacteriorhodopsin
Geothermal energy
Pigments that donate high energy electrons to ETC extends the niches that support phototrophs

170
Q

What are the only species to convert nitrogen into ammonia

A

Bacteria and Archea

171
Q

Do Protists make up a monophyletic group?

A

No

172
Q

Are Protists paraphyletic?

A

Yes ( represent some but not all descendants of a single common ancestor)

173
Q

Do synapmorphies define Protists ?

A

No

174
Q

What are Irish potato famine and malaria caused by ?

A

Protists

175
Q

What are phytophthora infestans?

A

Parasites

176
Q

What carries Malaria ?

A

Mosquitos

177
Q

What is Plasmodium?

A

Malaria

178
Q

What causes Harmful Algal Blooms?

A

When unicellular species experience rapid population growth and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment usually due to dinoflagellate

179
Q

How do Proyists play a key role on aquatic food chains ?

A

Photosyntic Protists take in CO2 and reduce it to form sugars or other energy compounds. They are primary producers. These are up to half the total CO2 that is fixed on earth.

180
Q

What are plankton?

A

Diatoms or other small organisms that live near surface

181
Q

What are many species at the base of the food chain in aquatic environments ?

A

Protists

182
Q

What is the global carbon cycle ?

A

Starts when CO2 from atmosphere dissolves in water and is taken up by primary producers and converted to organic matter. When they die they are either eaten or sink to the bottom of ocean. When Protists have shells made of CACO3 they sink and become compressed sedimentary rock or become petroleum. Cycle speeds up when habitats are fertilized with iron. Iron is critical for ETC but in short supply in open ocean. After iron is added populations of Protists and other producers increases up to ten times. Fertilizing oceans with iron may reduce CO2 concentration in atmosphere.

183
Q

What do eukaryotes have ?

A

Nucleus and endomembrane system, mitochondria or genes normally found in mitochondria, and cytoskeletons.

184
Q

What do scientists hypothesis about the first eukaryotes ?

A

That they were probably single called organisms with a nucleus and endomembrane system, mitochondria and a cytoskeleton.
But no cell wall.
Also they had different flagella.

185
Q

What is flagella ?

A

A slider thread like structure that enables many Protists and bacteria to swim

186
Q

Diplomonads have ?

A

Two identical nuclei

187
Q

Foraminifera, red algae, and plasmodial slime molds may contain?

A

Many nuclei

188
Q

Dinoflagellates have chromosomes that lack what and what do they attach to?

A

They lack Histones and attach to nuclear envelopes

189
Q

What are ATP’s generated by ?

A

Mitochondria

190
Q

What is endosymbiosis ?

A

Inside together living

191
Q

When does symbiosis occur?

A

When 2 different species live in physical contact

192
Q

What is multicellularity?

A

Organisms that consist of multiple cells

193
Q

Do all cells express the same genes ?

A

No

194
Q

How did eykarotic chloroplast originate?

A

When a protist engulfed a Cyanobacteria

195
Q

What was the relationship between the protist and Cyanobacteria when it was engulfed?

A

The bacteria provided oxygen and glucose in exchange for protection and light

196
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis vs secondary ?

A

Primary is direct from Cyanobacteria and secondary is when an organism engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryote

197
Q

What do plants provide humans ?

A 
Food
Fuel
Fiber
Building materials
Medicines
198
Q

Crop plants are deprived from what for of selection?

A

Artificial selection

199
Q

Non vascular plants

A

Do not have vascular tissue to conduct water/provide support

200
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Have vascular tissues but don’t make seeds

201
Q

Seed plants

A

Have vascular tissue and make seeds

202
Q

What is the origin of land plants ?

A

Evidence of land plants

203
Q

What is significant about the Silurian Devonian explosion?

A

Most major morphological innovation sotmata vascular tissue rooms leaves

204
Q

What is abundant in extensive coal forming swamps?

A

Carboniferous lycophytes and horsetail

205
Q

What is gymnosperms ?

A

Both wet and dry environments blanketed with green plants for the first time

206
Q

What is angiosperm?

A

Diversification of flower plants

207
Q

What is sporangia?

A

Spore producing structures

208
Q

What is a Stoma?

A

Mouth that allows for CO2 intake

209
Q

What is Cuticle?

A

Water right sealant that covers above grouf parts of plants and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments

210
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Open and close pores.

211
Q

What is the evolution of plants ?

A 
Green algae 
Land plants
Vascular plants 
seed plants 
Flowering plants
212
Q

Fungi provide what for land plants ?

A

Nutrients

213
Q

What forms networks in the soil and plants grow better in?

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

214
Q

Mycorrhizal does what?

A

Speeds up cycle of carbon atoms through terrestrial ecosystem
Digest cellulose and lignin to obtain augers and other organic compounds

215
Q

What is symbiotic?

A

Interaction between species

216
Q

What is mutuialistic ?

A

Both benefit

217
Q

What is parasitic?

A

One benefits while the other is harmed

218
Q

What is commensal?

A

One organism benefits without hurting the other

219
Q

What is extra cellular digestion?

A

Large molecules like starch lignin cellulose proteins

220
Q

Do fungi have to digest food before they absorb it?

A

Yes

221
Q

Diploblastic (two types of tissues) animals have bodies built from?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

222
Q

What is ectoderm?

A

Skin/ nerves

Produces covering of animals

223
Q

What is endoderm ?

A

Generates digestive tract

224
Q

What is acorlomate?

A

No coelom ( enclosed fluid filled cavity for cutculation of oxygen and nutrients. And space where organs can move around

225
Q

What is coelom?

A

Critical during animal evolution because an enclosed fluid filled chamber can be efficient hydrostatic skeleton

226
Q

What is a nerve net?

A

Nerve cells organized into a different arrangement

227
Q

What is cephalization ?

A

Occurred along with bilateral symmetry evolution of head anterior region where feeding sending the environment and process info are concentrated

228
Q

What is an animal?

A

Multicellular heterotrophs that ingest own good

229
Q

Are protosomes diverse?

A

Yes

230
Q

What is Chordatas?

A

Opening in throat called pharyngeal gill slits dorsal hallow nerve chord runs length of body stuff supportive notochord muscular post anal tail

231
Q

What is a primate?

A

Organisms that hands and feet can grasp things
They have flattened nails large brains compared to body size
color vision
Complex social behavior
Care for offspring

232
Q

What is reinforcement

Hint natural selection

A

Natural selection for traits that isolate populations against inbreeding

233
Q

What is sympatric ?

A

Species are less willing to mate with eachother

234
Q

What is allotropic

A

Species are more willing to mate

235
Q

What is a hybrid zone?

A

Geographic area where interbreeding occurs

236
Q

What is hybridization?

A

Hybrid offsprings can create a third new species with unique combination of allies.

237
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Evolution history of groups of organisms

238
Q

What is the phenetic approach?

A

Based on statistics that summarizes overall similarite among populations

239
Q

What is the cladistic approach?

A

Trees based on shared characters

240
Q

What is an ancestral trait?

A

Was in ancestor

241
Q

Can 2 species have similar years but not have common ancestors ?

A

Yes because similar traits evolve independently in 2 distantly related groups

242
Q

What is homology?

A

When traits are similar because of common ancestors

243
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

When traits are similar for other reasons than common ancestors

244
Q

What is convergent evolution ?

A

Natural selection favors similar solutions that do not occur in common ancestors

245
Q

What is a hox gene?

A

Derived from same ancestral sequence (gene organized similarly, share 180 base pairs called homeobox, have similar functions)

246
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Most likely explanation or pattern is least amount changed

247
Q

What is an out group?

A

Closely related to monophyletic group but not part of it

248
Q

What is the primary goal of ecology?

A

To understand the distribution and abundance of organisms

249
Q

What are the 4 main levels of ecology?

A

Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems

250
Q

In lake overturn what is winter stratification?

A

Where the top of the lake has high O2 concentration which causes for the top to be cold and as you get deeper it gets warmer

251
Q

In lake over turn what is spring and fall overturn?

A

The mixing of O2 to make the lake the same temp

252
Q

In lake overturn what is summer stratification ?

A

High O2 levels at top causing to keep high temps at too and less dense water sinks and is cooler at the bottom

253
Q

Are bogs stagnant and acidic?

A

Yes

254
Q

What kind of plants are in marshes?

A

Non woody plants

255
Q

What kind of plants are in swamps ?

A

Trees and shrubs

256
Q

What are the 4 components of an ecosystem?

A

The abiotic environment
Primary producers
Consumers
Decomposers

257
Q

What is the Net Primary Production?

A

Gross photosynthesis- respiration

258
Q

What is the decomposer food chain ?

A

It is made up of organisms that eat remains of dead organisms

259
Q

What is the grazing food chain?

A

It is composed of the network of herbivores and organisms that eat herbivores

260
Q

Describe the water cycle.

A

Evaporation the precipitation

261
Q

What does the global hydrological cycle do?

A

Transports and purifies water

262
Q

Are CO2 concentrations higher in the summer or winter?

A

Winter

263
Q

Robert hook discovered what?

A

Cells

264
Q

What is autosome

A

Non sex linked

265
Q

What is homologous?

A

Chromosomes of same type alleles of same genes

Organismal Biology (1 decks)

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