Review Flashcards
What is Motivation?
Any internal process that gives behavior its energy, direction, and persistence
Internal Processes Consist of three ___?
Need, Cognition, Emotion
What is a Need?
Any condition within the individual that is essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and wellbeing.
Define Cognition
Mental events capable of energizing and directing behavior. Beliefs, expectations, goals, etc.
Define Emotion
Short-lived, feeling-arousal, purposive-expressive, phenomena that helps us adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events.
2 Aspects of the Relationship between Motivation and Emotion?
- Emotions are one type of motive
2. Emotions help identify the motivational state of the person
Five expressions of Motivation
Behavior, Engagement, Psycho-physiology, Brain Activations, self-Report
Seven Behavioral Expressions of Motivation
Effort, Persistence, Latency, Choice, Bodily Gestures, Facial Expressions, probability of response
Four Interrelated Aspects of Engagement
Emotion, Behavior, Cognition, Agency
6 Bodily Activities as Expressions of Motivation
Skeletal, Cardiovascular, Electrodermal, Hormonal, Brain, Ocular
2 Key aspects of Motivation
Quantity, Quality
Cortical Brain
Explicit Motives, conscious thoughts and behaviors. ( hunger, anger, mood)
Two Principles to the Motivated and Emotional Brain
Day to Day event activate specific brain structures
Activated brain structures generate specific motivations and emotions
Sub-Cortical Brain
Associated with Basic urges, and emotion rich motivations such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire
The 7 Parts of the Motivated and Emotional Brain?
Insula, Prefrontal Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
3 Processes of the Amygdala in relation to motivation
Detects Threats
Detects Rewards
Detects Predictability of Reward
Three Hormones in Relation to Motivation
Cortisol, Testosterone, Oxytocin
What is a Need?
Any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being
What is homeostasis?
The body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal state
What are Intraorganismic and Extra organismic Mechanisms?
Intra- All mechanisms within the biological system that activate the person to maintain biological needs, underlies drive
Extra- mechanisms within the environment that influence biological systems (water in front of a thirsty person)
Three Reasons Why We Fail to Self-Regulate?
1) Underestimation of Biological Force
2) People can lack standards, or have inconsistent, conflicting, or unrealistic standards
What is Extrinsic Motivation?
An environmentally created reason (incentives or consequences) to engage in an action or activity.
What is a Positive Reinforcer?
An environmental stimulus, that when presented, increases the likelihood of the DESIRED behavior. NOTE: All reinforcers are rewards, not all rewards are reinforcers
What is a Negative Reinforcer?
An environmental stimulus, that when removed INCREASES the likelihood of the DESIRED behavior; are unpleasant stimuli ( removing restrictions, curfews, call ins > good behavior)
What is a Punisher?
Any environmental stimulus that, when presented DECREASES the likelihood of an UNDESIRED behavior. (Spanking, removing of an object or privileges’)
What is Intrinsic Motivation?
The inherent desire to engage one’s interests and to exercise and develop one’s capabilities
What are the 3 origins of Motivation?
1) Autonomy
2) Competence
3) Relatedness
What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory?
Explains how an extrinsic event effects intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as mediated by the event’s effect on the psychological needs for competence and autonomy
What are the three forms of Extrinsic Motivation?
Introjected Regulation
Identified Regulation
Integrated Regulation
What is Internalization?
The process by which a person transforms a formerly externally-prescribed way of thinking or behaving into an internally-endorsed one
What is a Psychological Need?
An inherent source of motivation that generates the desire to interact with the environments so as to advance personal growth, social development, and psychological well-being
What are the Two Assumptions in terms of the Organismic approach to Motivation?
1) People are innately active- always seeking exchange within the environment
2) People need supportive rather than hostile environments.
What are Three Psychological Needs?
1) Autonomy
2) Competence
3) Relatedness
What is Autonomy?
The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behavior
Three Subjective Qualities within the Experience of Autonomy
- Internal perceived locus of causality
- (Feeling Free)
- Perceived choice over one’s actions
What is Competence?
A Psychological need to be effective in interactions with the environment
What is Structure?
The amount and clarity of information one person give to another regarding what to do and how to do it
Three Aspects of a Structured Environment?
1) Clear Expectations
2) Guidance
3) Feedback
Three Aspects of a Structured Environment?
1) Clear Expectations
2) Guidance
3) Feedback
An Example on why We Learn more From Failure than Success?
- Urges people to identify the causes of failure
- Prompts people to revise
- Prompts people to ask for advice and guidance
What is Relatedness?
The psychological need to establish close emotional bonds; attachments with other people
Two Key Conditions that Satisfy the need for Relatedness
- Responsiveness
2. Social bond
3 Reasons why Relatedness is Important- Educationally Speaking
1) Support internalization
2) Promote vitality, engagement
3) Promote Happiness (prevents loneliness, depression
Name the two types of Relationships
Exchange Relationship
Communal Relationship
3 Aspects to A Good Day
1) Competence
2) Relatedness
3) Autonomy
What is an Implicit Motive?
A non-conscious need that motivates people’s behavior for the attainment of specific social incentives
The three Mentioned Emotionality Patterns?
1) High Achievement
2) High Affiliation
3) High Power
Traditional Leadership Motive Pattern?
- High need for Power.
- Low need for affiliation
- High self control (inhibition)
Compassionate Leadership Motive Pattern
1) High need for Power
2) High need for Affiliation
3) High Self-control (inhibition)
