Review

Question 1

the nervous system is comprised of

Answer 1

the central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 2

the peripheral nervous system is divided into

Answer 2

the somatic (voluntary and autonomic (unconscious) divisions

Question 3

spinal reflexes occur when the spinal cord

Answer 3

initiates a response independently of the brain enable faster reaction times and reduce the risk of being harmed

Question 4

the cerebral cortex is divided into

Answer 4

the frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

Question 5

somatosensory cortex

Answer 5

touch
temperature
body position

Question 6

auditory cortex

Answer 6

identifying and processing sounds
memory
face recognition
emotional responses

Question 7

prefrontal cortex

Answer 7

planning

reasoning

Question 8

premotor cortex

Answer 8

organising movement

Question 9

motor cortex

Answer 9

producing movement

Question 10

broca’s area

Answer 10

production of speech

control of face muscles

Question 11

wernicke’s area

Answer 11

comprehension of written and spoken language

Question 12

geschwinds territory

Answer 12

connects the above areas with other parts of the brain to assist in processing

Question 13

primary motor cortex

Answer 13

executes movement planned by the premotor cortex

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

coordinates details of movement

Question 15

basal ganglia

Answer 15

regulates motor areas, decides which of several actions to perform

Question 16

limbic system includes the

Answer 16

hypothalamus
amygdala
thalamus
hippocampus

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

regulates the autonomic nervous system

Question 18

amygdala

Answer 18

initiates fear
anger
aggression

Question 19

thalamus

Answer 19

relays sensory info

Question 20

hippocampus

Answer 20

converts short term memory to long term memory

Question 21

prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

regulating emotion

Question 22

the process of neurotransmission

Answer 22

an action potential travels down the axon of a neuron, causing vesicles containing neurotransmitters to be released across the synapse. These attach to the receptors on the receiving dendrite, creating an action potential in the next neuron

Question 23

excitatory neurotransmitters make

Answer 23

a neuron more likely to fire

Question 24

inhibitory neurotransmitters make

Answer 24

a neuron less likely to fire

Question 25

the physical and psychological effect of acetylcholine

Answer 25

physical: muscle action
psychological: enhanced cognition, learning and memory

Question 26

the physical and psychological effect of epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer 26

physical: heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism
psychological: excitement, fear, heightened awareness

Question 27

the physical and psychological effect of norepinephrine

Answer 27

physical: contracts blood vessels, stress responses
psychological: increased attention, responsiveness

Question 28

the physical and psychological effect of dopamine

Answer 28

physical: movement, suppressed appetite
psychological: reward, pleasure, motivation, addiction

Question 29

the physical and psychological effect of serotonin

Answer 29

physical: sleep cycle, suppressed appetite
psychological: feelings of wellbeing and happiness

Question 30

Examples of neurological conditions include

Answer 30

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

Question 31

Parkinson’s is when

Answer 31

the neurons that produce dopamine and norepinephrine die.
Low dopamine causes difficulty in movement and coordination.
Low norepinephrine causes fatigue and constipation

Question 32

how can Parkinson’s be treated

Answer 32

dopamine replacement therapy

Question 33

Alzheimer’s is when

Answer 33

proteins build up in the brain and cause progressive cell death. Levels of acetylcholine decline, affecting learning, reasoning and memory. Treated with enzyme inhibitors that prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

Question 34

six steps of visual perception processing

Answer 34

1. reception
2. transduction
3. transmission
4. selection
5. organisation
6. interpretation

Question 35

reception

Answer 35

visible light enters the eye

Question 36

transduction

Answer 36

light is converted to electrical signals by photoreceptors cells (rods and cones) in the back of the eye; photoreceptors are grouped into receptive fields that influence a single

Question 37

transmission

Answer 37

signals travel via the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Question 38

selection

Answer 38

feature detector cells filter incoming visual information to avoid overwhelming the brain

Question 39

organisation

Answer 39

visual information is processed along ‘what’ and ‘where’ pathways

Question 40

interpretation

Answer 40

the stimulus is combined with information from other parts of the brain to give it meaning

Question 41

Biological influences on perception

Answer 41

physiological makeup
ageing
genetics

Question 42

psychological influences on perception

Answer 42

perceptual set

visual perception principles

Question 43

social influences

Answer 43

cultural skills - studies by Hudson and Deregowski indicated education and familiarity with pictures influences depth perception and interpretation of images

Question 44

illusions

Answer 44

Müller-Lyer, Ames room and Ponzo illusions affect perceptions of size due to contextual factors

Question 45

ambiguous and impossible figures

Answer 45

use various cues to affect how an object may be perceived

Question 46

sensory memory

Answer 46

very large capacity
iconic (visual) memory lasts 0.3 seconds
echoic (auditory) memory lasts 2.4 seconds

Question 47

short-term memory

Answer 47

the capacity of 6-8 items

lasts about 12-30 seconds

Question 48

long-term memory

Answer 48

very large capacity and long duration

Question 49

working model of memory

Answer 49

central executive