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ATAR Psychology 3 + 4 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

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1
Q

the nervous system is comprised of

A

the central and peripheral nervous systems

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2
Q

the peripheral nervous system is divided into

A

the somatic (voluntary and autonomic (unconscious) divisions

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3
Q

spinal reflexes occur when the spinal cord

A

initiates a response independently of the brain enable faster reaction times and reduce the risk of being harmed

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4
Q

the cerebral cortex is divided into

A

the frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

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5
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

touch
temperature
body position

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6
Q

auditory cortex

A

identifying and processing sounds
memory
face recognition
emotional responses

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7
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

planning

reasoning

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8
Q

premotor cortex

A

organising movement

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9
Q

motor cortex

A

producing movement

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10
Q

broca’s area

A

production of speech

control of face muscles

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11
Q

wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of written and spoken language

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12
Q

geschwinds territory

A

connects the above areas with other parts of the brain to assist in processing

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13
Q

primary motor cortex

A

executes movement planned by the premotor cortex

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates details of movement

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15
Q

basal ganglia

A

regulates motor areas, decides which of several actions to perform

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16
Q

limbic system includes the

A

hypothalamus
amygdala
thalamus
hippocampus

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17
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates the autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

amygdala

A

initiates fear
anger
aggression

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19
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory info

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20
Q

hippocampus

A

converts short term memory to long term memory

21
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

regulating emotion

22
Q

the process of neurotransmission

A

an action potential travels down the axon of a neuron, causing vesicles containing neurotransmitters to be released across the synapse. These attach to the receptors on the receiving dendrite, creating an action potential in the next neuron

23
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters make

A

a neuron more likely to fire

24
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters make

A

a neuron less likely to fire

25
Q

the physical and psychological effect of acetylcholine

A

physical: muscle action
psychological: enhanced cognition, learning and memory

26
Q

the physical and psychological effect of epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

physical: heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism
psychological: excitement, fear, heightened awareness

27
Q

the physical and psychological effect of norepinephrine

A

physical: contracts blood vessels, stress responses
psychological: increased attention, responsiveness

28
Q

the physical and psychological effect of dopamine

A

physical: movement, suppressed appetite
psychological: reward, pleasure, motivation, addiction

29
Q

the physical and psychological effect of serotonin

A

physical: sleep cycle, suppressed appetite
psychological: feelings of wellbeing and happiness

30
Q

Examples of neurological conditions include

A

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

31
Q

Parkinson’s is when

A

the neurons that produce dopamine and norepinephrine die.
Low dopamine causes difficulty in movement and coordination.
Low norepinephrine causes fatigue and constipation

32
Q

how can Parkinson’s be treated

A

dopamine replacement therapy

33
Q

Alzheimer’s is when

A

proteins build up in the brain and cause progressive cell death. Levels of acetylcholine decline, affecting learning, reasoning and memory. Treated with enzyme inhibitors that prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

34
Q

six steps of visual perception processing

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. selection
  5. organisation
  6. interpretation
35
Q

reception

A

visible light enters the eye

36
Q

transduction

A

light is converted to electrical signals by photoreceptors cells (rods and cones) in the back of the eye; photoreceptors are grouped into receptive fields that influence a single

37
Q

transmission

A

signals travel via the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

38
Q

selection

A

feature detector cells filter incoming visual information to avoid overwhelming the brain

39
Q

organisation

A

visual information is processed along ‘what’ and ‘where’ pathways

40
Q

interpretation

A

the stimulus is combined with information from other parts of the brain to give it meaning

41
Q

Biological influences on perception

A

physiological makeup
ageing
genetics

42
Q

psychological influences on perception

A

perceptual set

visual perception principles

43
Q

social influences

A

cultural skills - studies by Hudson and Deregowski indicated education and familiarity with pictures influences depth perception and interpretation of images

44
Q

illusions

A

Müller-Lyer, Ames room and Ponzo illusions affect perceptions of size due to contextual factors

45
Q

ambiguous and impossible figures

A

use various cues to affect how an object may be perceived

46
Q

sensory memory

A

very large capacity
iconic (visual) memory lasts 0.3 seconds
echoic (auditory) memory lasts 2.4 seconds

47
Q

short-term memory

A

the capacity of 6-8 items

lasts about 12-30 seconds

48
Q

long-term memory

A

very large capacity and long duration

49
Q

working model of memory

A

central executive

ATAR Psychology 3 + 4 (3 decks)

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