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SIUC PHSL301 Exam 5 > Review > Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
  5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  6. Prolactin (PRL)
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2
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  3. Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
  4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  5. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  6. Dopamine (DA)
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3
Q

Layers of the adrenal cortex superficial to deep.

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
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4
Q

What is produced by zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids (Salty)

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5
Q

What is produced by zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids (Sweet)

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6
Q

What is produced by zona reticularis?

A

Gonadocorticoids (Sex steroids)

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7
Q

Major mineralocorticoid hormone?

A

Aldosterone

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8
Q

Major glucocorticoid hormone?

A

Cortisol

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9
Q

What is produced by gonadocorticoids?

A

Weak androgens

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10
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Promotes Na+ reabsorption, water retention and K+ excretion by kidneys

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11
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

(SPEED)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Initiates fight or flight response.

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12
Q

What is produced by the Thyroid gland?

A

T3 -Triiodothyronine

T4 - Thyroxine

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13
Q

Functions of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Basal metabolic rate and heat production
  • Aids in maintaining BP
  • Necessary for normal development of the nervous system
  • Increases protein synthesis and breakdown of glucose and fat.
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14
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Extra T3 and T4 is produced increasing metabolic rate and increasing heat production (Skinny and hot)

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15
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Not enough T3 and T4 is produced decreasing metabolic rate and decreasing heat production (Fat and cold)

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16
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and hyperglycemia.

It also decreases inflammatory and immune responses.

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17
Q

Muscles involved in chewing are?

A

Masseter and temporalis

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18
Q

Muscles for grinding teeth are?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoids

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19
Q

3 Salivary Glands?

A
  1. Sublingual - under tongue
  2. Submandibular - under mandible
  3. Parotid - anterior to ear
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20
Q

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva?

A

Submandibular gland (70%)

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21
Q

Which salivary gland secretes saliva when food is anticipated?

A

Parotid gland

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22
Q

Alimentary System is composed of what?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus

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23
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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24
Q

What forms the oral cavity?

A

Cheeks, hard palate, soft palate with uvula, teeth, tongue, lips.

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25
How is the tongue attached to the floor of the mouth?
Via the lingual frenulum
26
Where are the taste buds located?
Papilla on the tongue
27
What are the 3 papillae and where can they be found on the tongue?
1. Vallate papilla - posterior tongue 2. Fungiform papilla - all over dorsum of tongue 3. Foliate papilla - posterior lateral tongue
28
What is mastication?
Chewing
29
What does salivary amylase do?
Begins starch digestion
30
What does lingual lipase do?
Begins lipid and fat digestion in the stomach
31
What is the purpose of mucus while chewing?
To lubricate the bolus to aid in swallowing
32
Which is the largest salivary gland?
The parotid gland
33
What are the layers of the digestive tract from deep to superficial?
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa
34
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
35
What happens when you swallow?
Soft palate rises and blocks the nasopharynx. Muscles lift the larynx and epiglottis block the larynx Muscles push bolus down the esophagus The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes
36
Where are stratified squamous cells found in the digestive system?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal
37
Where are simple columnar cells found in the digestive system?
Stomach, intestines, and rectum
38
What controls the secretion of the cells in the GI tract?
Meissner's plexus
39
What controls the GI motility?
Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus
40
What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?
Prevents acid reflux
41
What does the greater omentum cover?
The anterior cavity. | Can cause beer belly
42
What does the lesser omentum cover?
Stomach and liver/ | Pathway for blood vessels and common bile duct to enter and exit liver
43
Cardia of stomach
Surrounds superior opening of stomach where esophagus enters
44
Fundus of stomach
rounded portion that is superior and to the left of the cardia
45
Pylorus of stomach
region that connects the stomach to the duodenum
46
Parietal cells of the stomach
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
47
Chief cells of the stomach
Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
48
Parietal cella and chief cells are located in what layer of the stomach?
The mucosa layer
49
Function of the gallbladder?
Concentrates and stores bile from the liver to make it more potent
50
What are the components of bile in the gallbladder?
Bile salts, bilirubin cholesterol
51
Where does nearly all water absorption occur in the GI tract?
Large intestine
52
Where does nearly all the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur?
Small intestine
53
Thick portion of longitudinal muscle that runs entire length of colon?
Teniae coli
54
Tonic contraction of muscles to form pouches in the colon are called?
Haustra
55
What forms the common bile duct?
Cystic duct and common hepatic duct
56
Where does the liver receive nutrient rich blood from?
The Hepatic portal vein
57
What does the hepatic artery do?
Carry oxygenated blood to the liver
58
What does the hapatic vein do?
Drain blood from liver and send it to the vena cava
59
What part of the kidney is the major site for water and sodium reabsorption?
collecting duct
60
What hormone promotes the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidney?
Aldosterone
61
Where would a kidney stone most likely be found?
1. Ureteropelvic junction 2. Where the ureter crosses the pelvic brim 3. Where the ureter enters the bladder
62
Functions of the kidneys
``` Filter blood Regulate blood volume and pressure Regulate blood ionic composition Regulate pH Secrete enzymes and hormones Perform gluconeogenesis ```
63
What is the effect of vasoconstriction of the glomerular efferent arteriole?
The GFR would increase
64
What are the capillaries of bowman's capsule made of?
Fenestrated capillaries
65
JG cells do what?
Regulate blood pressure of the glomeruli
66
Where are juxtaglomerular nephrons found?
In the cortex of the kidney with the loop of Henle deep in the medulla
67
Muscle of the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
68
Male structure that secretes a small amount of clear mucous?
bulbourethral glands
69
What secretes testosterone?
Testes
70
Tunica vaginalis covers what?
It's a serous membrane that covers the testes.
71
What secretes a majority of the fluid?
The seminal vesicles
72
The seminal vesicle duct and the vas deferens come together to form the?
Ejaculatory duct
73
Tunica Albuginea in males
White fibrous capsule that covers testes and forms different lobules
74
What helps keep the testes at a cooler body temp?
Cremaster muscle - pull testes closer to body Dartos muscle - wrinkle skin of scrotum Pampiniform plexus - veins ascending near testicular arteries
75
The erectile tissue of the male
Corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosum
76
Female erectile tissue
Corpora cavernosa, glans clitoris, cura, clitoris, bulb of vestibule
77
Layers of primary follicle in oocyte
Outer layer - theca cells | Inner layer - granulosa cells

SIUC PHSL301 Exam 5 (1 decks)

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