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SIUC PHSL301 Exam 5 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
  5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  6. Prolactin (PRL)
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2
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  3. Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
  4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  5. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  6. Dopamine (DA)
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3
Q

Layers of the adrenal cortex superficial to deep.

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
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4
Q

What is produced by zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids (Salty)

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5
Q

What is produced by zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids (Sweet)

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6
Q

What is produced by zona reticularis?

A

Gonadocorticoids (Sex steroids)

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7
Q

Major mineralocorticoid hormone?

A

Aldosterone

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8
Q

Major glucocorticoid hormone?

A

Cortisol

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9
Q

What is produced by gonadocorticoids?

A

Weak androgens

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10
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Promotes Na+ reabsorption, water retention and K+ excretion by kidneys

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11
Q

What is produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

(SPEED)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

Initiates fight or flight response.

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12
Q

What is produced by the Thyroid gland?

A

T3 -Triiodothyronine

T4 - Thyroxine

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13
Q

Functions of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Basal metabolic rate and heat production
  • Aids in maintaining BP
  • Necessary for normal development of the nervous system
  • Increases protein synthesis and breakdown of glucose and fat.
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14
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Extra T3 and T4 is produced increasing metabolic rate and increasing heat production (Skinny and hot)

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15
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Not enough T3 and T4 is produced decreasing metabolic rate and decreasing heat production (Fat and cold)

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16
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and hyperglycemia.

It also decreases inflammatory and immune responses.

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17
Q

Muscles involved in chewing are?

A

Masseter and temporalis

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18
Q

Muscles for grinding teeth are?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoids

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19
Q

3 Salivary Glands?

A
  1. Sublingual - under tongue
  2. Submandibular - under mandible
  3. Parotid - anterior to ear
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20
Q

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva?

A

Submandibular gland (70%)

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21
Q

Which salivary gland secretes saliva when food is anticipated?

A

Parotid gland

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22
Q

Alimentary System is composed of what?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus

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23
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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24
Q

What forms the oral cavity?

A

Cheeks, hard palate, soft palate with uvula, teeth, tongue, lips.

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25
Q

How is the tongue attached to the floor of the mouth?

A

Via the lingual frenulum

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26
Q

Where are the taste buds located?

A

Papilla on the tongue

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27
Q

What are the 3 papillae and where can they be found on the tongue?

A
  1. Vallate papilla - posterior tongue
  2. Fungiform papilla - all over dorsum of tongue
  3. Foliate papilla - posterior lateral tongue
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28
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

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29
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Begins starch digestion

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30
Q

What does lingual lipase do?

A

Begins lipid and fat digestion in the stomach

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31
Q

What is the purpose of mucus while chewing?

A

To lubricate the bolus to aid in swallowing

32
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland?

A

The parotid gland

33
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract from deep to superficial?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

34
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

35
Q

What happens when you swallow?

A

Soft palate rises and blocks the nasopharynx.
Muscles lift the larynx and epiglottis block the larynx
Muscles push bolus down the esophagus
The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes

36
Q

Where are stratified squamous cells found in the digestive system?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal

37
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found in the digestive system?

A

Stomach, intestines, and rectum

38
Q

What controls the secretion of the cells in the GI tract?

A

Meissner’s plexus

39
Q

What controls the GI motility?

A

Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus

40
Q

What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

Prevents acid reflux

41
Q

What does the greater omentum cover?

A

The anterior cavity.

Can cause beer belly

42
Q

What does the lesser omentum cover?

A

Stomach and liver/

Pathway for blood vessels and common bile duct to enter and exit liver

43
Q

Cardia of stomach

A

Surrounds superior opening of stomach where esophagus enters

44
Q

Fundus of stomach

A

rounded portion that is superior and to the left of the cardia

45
Q

Pylorus of stomach

A

region that connects the stomach to the duodenum

46
Q

Parietal cells of the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

47
Q

Chief cells of the stomach

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

48
Q

Parietal cella and chief cells are located in what layer of the stomach?

A

The mucosa layer

49
Q

Function of the gallbladder?

A

Concentrates and stores bile from the liver to make it more potent

50
Q

What are the components of bile in the gallbladder?

A

Bile salts,
bilirubin
cholesterol

51
Q

Where does nearly all water absorption occur in the GI tract?

A

Large intestine

52
Q

Where does nearly all the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

53
Q

Thick portion of longitudinal muscle that runs entire length of colon?

A

Teniae coli

54
Q

Tonic contraction of muscles to form pouches in the colon are called?

A

Haustra

55
Q

What forms the common bile duct?

A

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

56
Q

Where does the liver receive nutrient rich blood from?

A

The Hepatic portal vein

57
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood to the liver

58
Q

What does the hapatic vein do?

A

Drain blood from liver and send it to the vena cava

59
Q

What part of the kidney is the major site for water and sodium reabsorption?

A

collecting duct

60
Q

What hormone promotes the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidney?

A

Aldosterone

61
Q

Where would a kidney stone most likely be found?

A
  1. Ureteropelvic junction
  2. Where the ureter crosses the pelvic brim
  3. Where the ureter enters the bladder
62
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A 
Filter blood
Regulate blood volume and pressure
Regulate blood ionic composition
Regulate pH
Secrete enzymes and hormones
Perform gluconeogenesis
63
Q

What is the effect of vasoconstriction of the glomerular efferent arteriole?

A

The GFR would increase

64
Q

What are the capillaries of bowman’s capsule made of?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

65
Q

JG cells do what?

A

Regulate blood pressure of the glomeruli

66
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular nephrons found?

A

In the cortex of the kidney with the loop of Henle deep in the medulla

67
Q

Muscle of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

68
Q

Male structure that secretes a small amount of clear mucous?

A

bulbourethral glands

69
Q

What secretes testosterone?

A

Testes

70
Q

Tunica vaginalis covers what?

A

It’s a serous membrane that covers the testes.

71
Q

What secretes a majority of the fluid?

A

The seminal vesicles

72
Q

The seminal vesicle duct and the vas deferens come together to form the?

A

Ejaculatory duct

73
Q

Tunica Albuginea in males

A

White fibrous capsule that covers testes and forms different lobules

74
Q

What helps keep the testes at a cooler body temp?

A

Cremaster muscle - pull testes closer to body
Dartos muscle - wrinkle skin of scrotum
Pampiniform plexus - veins ascending near testicular arteries

75
Q

The erectile tissue of the male

A

Corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosum

76
Q

Female erectile tissue

A

Corpora cavernosa, glans clitoris, cura, clitoris, bulb of vestibule

77
Q

Layers of primary follicle in oocyte

A

Outer layer - theca cells

Inner layer - granulosa cells

SIUC PHSL301 Exam 5 (1 decks)

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