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EBM > Reverse Yonkadonk > Flashcards

Reverse Yonkadonk Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Critical problem solving2. Medical informatics3. Critical appraisal of med. literature
A

3 prong approach to EBM?

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2
Q

Ask for specific knowledge about managing Pts with a disorder

A

What are foreground questions?

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3
Q
  1. Formulate & ask a question2. Access the evidence3. Critically appraise the evidence4. Apply the evidence5. Assess the use of info. in practice
A

EBM prescription

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4
Q
  1. Texts2. Pharmaceutical texts3. Journals4. Drug company info.5. Self made info6. Other people
A

Where do we find info. for caring for Pts?

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5
Q

Systematic reviews

A

What is the best source of information?

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6
Q
  1. Improves confidence w/ decision-making2. Assists communication w/ Pts/other providers3. Dec. time wading through literature4. Fosters focused & productive reading habits5. Dovetails w/ technology (PDAs, electronic databases)
A

Advantages of EBM?

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7
Q
  1. Requires commitment in time & effort2. Not everyone is skilled at database searches3. Not everyone can afford resources4. Not everyone is skilled in appraising the literature5. Better know & choose reliable filters6. Good evidence not always out there7. Risks misinterpretation
A

Disadvantages of EBM?

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8
Q
  1. Etiology2. Diagnosis3. Therapy4. Prognosis
A

Kinds of clinical questions?

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9
Q
  1. Cohort2. Cross-sectional3. Case-control
A

Best type of study for etiology & diagnosis?

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10
Q

RCT

A

Best type of study for therapy?

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11
Q
  1. Cohort2. RCT
A

Best type of study for prognosis?

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12
Q
  1. Pt2. Intervention3. Comparison intervention4. Outcome
A

How do you ask a PICO question?

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13
Q
  1. Standardize practice while maintaining Pt centered core2. Promote life-long learning3. Response to practice variability4. Provide granularity on complex questions & gray areas
A

What does EBM serve to do?

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14
Q

Hill’s guidelines1. Strength of assoc.2. Consistency3. Specificity4. Time5. Biological gradient6. Biological plausibility7. Coherence w/ other data8. Analogy

A

What are the components of a causal relationship?

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15
Q
  1. Diseases commonly occur2. Uncommon manifestations of common diseases are more common that common manifestations of uncommon diseases3. No disease is rare to the Pt that has it
A

What are the 3 maxims of clinical decision making?

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16
Q
  1. DDx model2. Hypotheticodeductive model3. Exhaustive model4. Algorithmic model5. Heuristic model
A

What are the styles of clinical reasoning?

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17
Q

Hypotheticodeductive model Based on probability, comes w/ experience

A

What is the best style of clinical reasoning?

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18
Q
  1. Assumptions of objective findings2. Jumping to conclusions3. Personal biases4. What ?s you ask5. Your own risk taking nature
A

What are internal influences of medical decision making?

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19
Q
  1. Anatomical differences2. Diff. therapeutic responses 3. Pt biases & barriers 4. Co-worker biases
A

What are external influences of medical decision making?

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20
Q

P - Must followG - recommended to follow

A

Protocol vs. Guideline

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21
Q
  1. Know what you know2. Know what you don’t know3. Understand your scope4. Understand your pt (ex. insurance status)
A

When should you refer Pts?

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22
Q
  1. Intro2. Review of Related Medical Literature3. Methodology4. Results5. Summary/discussion
A

What are the sections of a research paper?

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23
Q
  1. Understand, explore & develop theory2. Describe & provide foundation3. Process of collecting/analyzing info to develop theoryMore focused on developing theory
A

What is basic research?

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24
Q
  1. Apply & test theory2. Predict, compare & explain cause3. Results either support or don’t support thoery4. Action research More focused on testing theory
A

What is applied research?

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25
Q
  1. Analyzing non-numerical data to answer questions2. Narrative data3. Less structured4. Fairly flexible 5. Design can evolve during study
A

Qualitative research

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26
Q
  1. Analyzing numerical data to answer questions2. Highly structured3. Very specific4. Strict rules/principles studies must adhere to
A

Quantitative research

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27
Q

Whole numbers

A

What is a discrete variable?

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28
Q

Any number

A

What is a continuous variable?

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29
Q

Numbers only used to differentiate subjectsCan’t do math on them

A

What is a nominal level of measurement?

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30
Q

Numbers are categories but they have an order ex. 1st, 2nd, 3rd

A

What is an ordinal level of measurement?

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31
Q

Ordered set of values w/ no absolute zero Differences btwn values is equalex. IQ scores

A

What is an interval level of measurement?

32
Q

Ordered set of values w/ an absolute zero

A

What is a ratio level of measurement?

33
Q

Either you have it or you don’tex. STD - yes or no

A

What is dichotomous data?

34
Q

aka accuracyDoes study measure what it’s supposed to measure

A

What is validity?

35
Q

Consistency of results to each other

A

What is reliability?

36
Q

NO ma’am

A

Can you eliminate random error?

37
Q

Sample may not be representative of population due to chance

A

What is sampling error?

38
Q

Sample not representative cuz you messed up boiii

A

What is sampling bias?

39
Q

A numerical value that describes a population

A

What is a parameter?

40
Q

A numerical value that describes a sample

A

What is a statistic?

41
Q
  1. Central tendency - mean, median, mode2. Variation - range, STDev, variance3. Relative position - %ranks, standard scores
A

What is descriptive statistics?

42
Q

Belmont Report

A

Where did research ethics come from?

43
Q

Accept null hypothesisNo significant difference p value shows strength of relationships - not cause

A

If p>alpha, what do you do?

44
Q

Yelling fire when there isn’t fire Reject null hypothesis when it’s trueDec. by lowering the critical value

A

Type 1 error

45
Q

Yelling fire when there IS a fireAccept null hypothesis when it’s false More serious errorDec. by inc. sample size

A

Type 2 error

46
Q

Not statistically significant

A

If a CI for continuous data contains 0, what does that mean?

47
Q

Not statistically significant

A

If a CI for ratios contain 1, what does that mean?

48
Q
  1. Dec. Type 2 error2. Anticipate compliance & dropout3. Stratify data
A

Why is an adequate sample size important?

49
Q

cohort

A

What type of study is best for rare exposures?

50
Q

Variables that obscures the effect of another variable Form of bias

A

What are confounding variables?

51
Q

Look at multiple variables/factors/parameters at once & adjust for their effects

A

What is the purpose of multivariate analysis?

52
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Best test for descriptive studies?

53
Q

Case control studies

A

What is the best test for rare diseases?

54
Q

The probability of one event occurring over another OR = 1 no effectOR > 1 inc. oddsOR < 1 dec. odds, possible protective effect

A

What is an odds ratio?

55
Q
  1. Rare diseases2. Explore multiple exposures3. Info. needed ASAP 4. Exposure data hard to obtain5. Little known about disease6. Long latency period7. Underlying population is dynamicWeaknesses:1. Bad for rare exposures2. Bias may be introduced b/c it’s retrospective3. Temporal relationships hard to determine
A

When to use case-controlled studies & weaknesses

56
Q
  1. Risk/benefit2. Evidence quality3. Values & preferences4. Cost
A

Grading criteria

57
Q
  1. Mean2. Median3. Mode
A

Central tendency

58
Q

Compare 2 sets of observations in a single sample Tests the hypothesis that the mean diff. btwn 2 msmts is 0

A

When do you use paired t-test?

59
Q

The linear relationship btwn 2 pairs of variables for quantitative data

A

What does the Pearson Correlation Coefficient tell you?

60
Q

Test null hypthesis btwn 2 categorical vaiablescompare expected vs observed results

A

What does chi square tell you?

61
Q

To compare more than 2 grous

A

When is ANOVA used?

62
Q

Tukey’s test

A

How do you compare 2 means?

63
Q

Compare 2 independent samples from the same population when the data are not normally distributed

A

What is Mann-Whitney U test?

64
Q

When dealing w/ 1 nominal variable & 1 measureable variable & the data are not normally distributedNon-parametric analog to ANOCA

A

When is Kruskall-Wallace used?

65
Q

= 1 no diff. in risk btwn groups> 1 inc. risks< 1 dec. risk

A

Risk ratios

66
Q
  1. Only direct means to establish an absolute risk2. Unbiased measure of exposure3. Can assess relationship btwn single exposure & many diseases
A

Advantages of cohort studies

67
Q
  1. Impractical for rare diseases where thousands required to be enrolled to get a few cases2. $$$ & time3. Can only assess 1 or few exposures at a time
A

Disadvantages of cohort studies

68
Q
  1. Prognosis2. Etiology3. Prevention
A

When do you use cohort studies?

69
Q

Proportion of people w/ disease who have a positive testFew false -

A

What is sensitivity?

70
Q

Proportion of people w/o a disease who have a negative testFew false +

A

What is specificity?

71
Q

+ How good a test is at ruling in diseaseLarger the number, better the test 10 is excelente 1 is useless- How good a test is at ruling out a disease

A

Likelihood ratios

72
Q

Sensitivity, specifity, PPV

A

What tests can you calculate with prevalence of a disease?

73
Q
  1. Sensitivity & specificity must be high2. Prevalence matters 3. A low cost conf. test must be avail.
A

3 rules for good screening tests

74
Q

Sensitivity less false -

A

What does parallel testing inc?

75
Q

Specificity

A

What does serial testing inc?

EBM (3 decks)

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