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Abdominal Exam 3 > Retroperitoneum > Flashcards

Retroperitoneum Flashcards

1
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • 2 layers
  • ligaments & folds
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2
Q

2 layers of the peritoneum

A
  • parietal = external
  • visceral = internal (touching tissue)
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3
Q

Function of ligaments & folds in peritoneum

A
  • creates a “cavity”
  • support organs
  • contains spaces/sacs
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4
Q

Retroperitoneum

A

area (space) btwn. posterior parietal peritoneum & posterior abdominal wall (retrofascia)

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5
Q

Borders of retroperitoneum

A
  • diaphragm (pelvic floor)
  • spine/ribs
  • musculature
  • parietal peritoneum (posteriorly)
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6
Q

Spaces in retroperitoneum

A
  • anterior pararenal
  • perirenal
  • posterior pararenal
  • subphrenic
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7
Q

Anterior pararenal space

A
  • btwn. parietal peritoneum and kidney (majority in this space)
  • duodenum/colon/pancreas
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8
Q

Perirenal space

A
  • surrounding kidneys (Gerota’s fascia)
  • adrenal gland/kidney/proximal ureter/great vessels
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9
Q

Posterior pararenal space

A
  • btwn. kidney & posterior abdominal wall
  • muscles (psoas/quadratus lumborum)
  • spine is also behind it
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10
Q

Subphrenic space

A

btwn. liver or spleen & diaphragm

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11
Q

Other structures of retroperitoneum

A
  • diaphragmatic crura (crus)
  • lymph nodes
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12
Q

Diaphragmatic crura (crus)

A
  • connections of the diaphragm to the spine, cross aorta & IVC
  • right is longer & larger - posterior to IVC
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13
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • bean-shaped organs that collect lymphoid tissue (immunity/vascular filtration)
  • found along aorta & its branches
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14
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • endocrine function
  • paired
  • Rt = triangular/pyramid shape
  • Lt = crescent shaped
  • blood supplied by multiple “suprarenal” arteries
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15
Q

Adrenal gland location/anatomy

A
  • sit next to kidney w/in Gerota’s fascia
  • larger at fetus & pediatric stages
  • smaller as adults
  • don’t mistake them for the kidneys
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16
Q

What does the cortex produce?

A

steroid & hormones

17
Q

What does the medulla produce?

A

fight or flight response

18
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

hormone production

19
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

20
Q

3 zones of the cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
21
Q

What hormones are produced in the medulla?

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

22
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • increases HR, BP, & blood flow
  • opens airways in lungs
  • narrows blood vessels in skin & intestines
23
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • increases HR & BP
  • contracts blood vessels
24
Q

What is the vascular supply to the adrenal glands?

A
  • lots of small vessels
  • not a main system
25
Q

Landmark for finding adrenal glands

A

kidneys

26
Q

Scanning adrenal glands: adult

A
  • medium-level echoes on superior & medial aspect of kidneys
27
Q

Scanning adrenal glands: neonate

A
  • hypoechoic rim seen around an echogenic core (hypertrophied cortex)
  • proportionately larger in newborns
28
Q

Lymph nodes sonographic anatomy

A
  • less than or equal to 1cm
  • not usually seen unless abnormal
  • look for displacement of great vessels
29
Q

Fluid collections/tumors sonographic anatomy

A
  • evaluate clinical hx
  • anechoic/hypoechoic/hyperechoic area
30
Q

Ascites sonographic anatomy

A
  • abnormal accumulation of serious fluid
  • M/C cause is cirrhosis
  • transudative
  • exudative
31
Q

Sarcoma

A
  • retroperitoneal tumors
  • bad
  • found on all types of tissue
32
Q

Pitfalls to imaging retroperitoneum

A
  • bowel gas
  • small size
    medial/posterior location
    adjacent anatomy has similar appearance to small structures
33
Q

Landmarks of retroperitoneum location

A
  • kidneys
  • aorta/IVC
  • spine
    (posterior location)
34
Q

What type of scan is the primary choice for imaging retroperitoneum?

A
  • CT/MRI is more valuable
  • U/S is more for a follow up
35
Q

Scanning retroperitoneum for fluid-type collection

A
  • hematoma
  • urinoma
  • ascites

Abdominal Exam 3 (3 decks)

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