Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LSS > Retired__Anatomy__Thorax > Flashcards

Retired__Anatomy__Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Draw and label a typical vertebra

A

””

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the typical characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Foramen: generally circular
  • Laminae: generally broad and overlapping
  • Ribs: articulate with transverse processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the structure of a vertebra

A

Vertebral Body: weight-bearing and linked to superior/inferior vertebra by inter-vertebral discs and ligaments - size increases inferiorly as must bear more weight
Vertebral Arch: forms the lateral and posterior region, with the vertebral foramen in the centre
Vertebral Foramen: all the foramina combined form the vertebral canal to contain and protect the cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the locationand function of vertebral pedicles and laminae

A

Pedicles: bony pillars to attach vertebral arch to body
Laminae: flat sheets extending medially from the pedicles to meet in the midline to enclose the vertebral arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the structure of spinous, transverse and sup/inferior processes

A

Spinous process: projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the laminae to allow for the attachment of muscles and ligaments
Transverse processes: extend posterolaterally from the pedicle-lamina junctions on each side to allow articulation (joining) with the ribs in the thoracic region
Superior/inferior processes: extend superiorly/inferiorly to interact with the inferior/superior processes of the adjacent vertebra respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe how intervertebral foramina are formed and their role

A

Allow the passage of mixed spinal nerves, formed by the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra associated with the nerve and the superior notch of the vertebra below it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the type and attachment of ribs 1-12

A

Ribs 1-7: true ribs that reach the sternum, joining via costal cartilage

Ribs 8-10: false ribs that must join to the costal cartilage of rib 7

Ribs 11-12: floating ribs that lack anterior attachment and are inferior to the costal margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the attachment of ribs 1-7 and the clavicles anteriorly

A

Attachment: join to the sternum using synovial joints - comprised of the manubrium (with the jugular notch), sternal body and xiphoid process

Clavicles: articular site on the manubrium

Rib 1: fibrocartilaginous joint attachment site on the manubrium
Rib 2: articular demifacets on the manubrium and sternal body combine to allow attachment at level of sternal angle
Ribs 3-6: attach to articular facets on the manubrium
Rib 7: articular demifacets on the sternal body and xiphoid process combine to allow attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the vertebral attachment of ribs and state the exceptions

A

Typical attachment: head of rib articulates with the superior costal facet of its own vertebrate, and the inferior costal facet of that above it - attached using an intra-articular ligament; the tubercle of the rib then articulates with the transverse costal facet
TI: complete costal facet so does not interact with CVII
TX: lacks an inferior demifacet
TXI-TXII: articulate only with heads of own ribs and have no transverse costal facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the superior thoracic aperture

A

Posteriorly: TI body
Laterally: margins of rib 1
Anteriorly: manubriumAngle: oblique due to upward slope of rib one from manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State the contents of the superior thoracic apertuer

A

Oesophagus, trachea, SVC and major arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define the inferior thoracic aperture

A

Posteriorly: body of TXII
Posterolaterally: rib XII
Anterolaterally: costal margin
Anteriorly: xiphoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State the layers of muscles in an ICS from exterior to interior, including the attachment and direction

A

External intercostals: run inferiomedially; attached to inferior/superior margins of the adjacent ribs
Internal intercostals: run superiomedially; attached to lataeral edge of the costal groove
Neurovascular bundle: present below the upper rib
Innermost intercostals: run inferiomedially; attached to medial edge of above rib and internal aspect of the superior margin of the below rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the location and arrangement of ICS neurovascular bundles

A

Location: inferior to the superior rib within the costal groove
Arrangement:intercostal vein then artery then nerveCollateral branches are not significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the route of intercostal nerves

A

1) Emerge posteriorly from spine2) Run in ICS NVbundles
3) Pierce muscles laterally and anteriorly: produces the lateral cutaneous branch to supply skin of sides and anterior cutaneous branch to supply front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the vasculature of the thoracic wall

A

Intercostal arteries: derived from aorta posteriorly and internal thoracic artery anteriorly (ITA dervied from subclavian) - anastomose in the ICS
Intercostal veins: join the azygous vein posteriorly and thoracic vein anteriorly - both drain to brachiocephalic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the anatomy of the trachea including its spinal levels, wall structure and bifurcation

A

Spinal level: C6-T4/5
Structure: C-shaped cartilage ring with gap on back for oesophageal dilation
Bifurcation: lowest ring has hook shaped structure called carina to bifurcate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchi, including the area each region is formed

A

Primary bronchi: originate at T4/5 with the right wider and more vertical (so inhaled objects go here)
Lobar bronchi: formed within lungs to supply lobes (3 on right, 2 on left)
Segmental bronchi: supply bronchopulmonary segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe what is meant by bronchopulmonary segments

A

Functionally independent units that can be resected without affecting others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the blood supply to the lungs

A

Bronchial arteries: supply oxygenated blood to lungs
Bronchial veins: remove deoxygenated blood from lungs
Pulmonary arteries: supply deoxygenated blood to lungs to collect oxygen
Pulmonary veins: remove oxygenated blood from lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the structure of the pleural cavity

A

Pleural membrane: continuous and folded back on itself to form the parietal and visceral pleura and containing pleural fluid
Pleural cavity: usually collapsed and moist surfaces allow lungs to glide
Lung hilum: region where both pleura are continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the surface landmarks for the pleura and the importance of the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

Pleura: 2cm above clavicle, sternoclavicular joind, 2nd CC, 6th CC, rib8 MCL, rib10 MAL, rib12 Scap
CDR: parietal pleura ends lower than visceral, so fluid will accumulate here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the lobes of the left and right lung

A

Left lung: superior and inferior lobe separated by the oblique fissure
Right lung: superior and middle lobe separated by the horizontal fissure; middle and inferior lobe separated by the oblique fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compare the levels inferior margin of the lungs and pleura

A

Pleura: 8 (MCL), 10 (MAL), 12 (Scapular)
Lungs: 6 (MCL), 8 (MAL), 10 (Scapular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the role of the bronchial circulation 
Bronchial arteries from descending aorta provide lung with oxygenated blood to meet metabolic demands; empty to bronchial veins to azygous vein (to SVC) - deep bronchial veins drain to pulmonary veins, mixing blood
26
State the nodes involved in lymphatic drainage of the lungs
Bronchopulmonary and tracheobronchial nodes, which then drain to the bronchomediastinal trunk
27
Describe the three exterior  surfaces of each lung
Costal surface: convex, faces ribs  Mediastinal surface: medial surface where hilum present  Diaphragmatic surface: inferior and concave
28
Draw and state the arrangement of the lung hilum from superior to inferior
"1) Pulmonary artery (superior)2) Pulmonary vein (inferior)3) Primary bronchus (posterior)4) Lymph nodes and pulmonary ligament "
29
State the grooves present on the left lung
Aortic: posteriorly surrounds the hilum Pulmonary ligament: where pleura fold Subclavian artery/brachiocephalic vein: produce superior grooves Cardiac impression: anteriorly 
30
State the grooves present on the right lung
Azygous vein: superiorly surrounds the hilum Pulmonary ligament: where pleura fold Subclavian artery: produces superior groove Cardiac impression: anteriorly  Oesophagus: posteriorly 
31
Describe the margin of the diaphragm and the levels of the IVC, oesophagus and aorta crossing
Attached to costal margin, xiphoid process, ribs 11/12 and lumbar vertebtrae IVC: T8 w/right phrenic Oesophagus: T10 w/CN X Aorta: T12 w/thoracic duct and azygous vein
32
Describe the movement of the ribs, sternum and diaphragm in breathing
Inspiration: bucket handle movement of ribs to increase transverse diameter; pump handle movement of the sternum to increase antero-posterior diameter and diaphragm contracts to flatten Expiration: elastic recoil of lung's elastic tissue to return to original shape
33
List the contents of the mediastinum
Trachea, Oesophagus, Heart, Thoracic Duct, Nerves and Great Vessels
34
Describe the divisions of the mediastinum
``` Superior: above the sternal angle Inferior: below the sternal angle Anterior: anterior to the heart Middle: pericardial sac and heart Posterior: posterior to pericardial sac and diaphragm ```
35
List the contents of the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior
1) Thymus2) Phrenic nerves3) Great veins4) Main lymphatic trunks5) Vagus nerves6) Great arteries7) Trachea and bronchi8) Oesophagus
36
Describe the spinal levels of the oesophagus and the position of the constrictions
Spinal levels: begins at CVII, turning left at TVII to penetrate diaphragm at TXConstrictions:- Upper oeosphageal sphincter- Where crosses aorta- Where compressed by left main bronchus- Lower oesophageal sphincter
37
State the two great veins of the mediastinum and their positional relation to the arteries
Great veins: superior vena cava and azygous venous system  | Positional relation: usually anterior to the arteries 
38
Describe the formation and path of the vena cava the veins that create it
SVC: formed by union of left/right brachiocephalic veins posterior to the manubrium Brachiocephalic veins: formed by the union of the internal jugular (head) and subclavian (upper limbs) veins on each side IVC: very little in mediastinum, mostly subcostally
39
Describe the structure of the azygous venous system 
"Azygous venous system: drains the posterior wall of the thorax and upper abdomen Azygous vein: present on the right side of the chest, arching over the right lung hilum to drain into the SVC, branches to hemi/acc. hemi over the vertebral bodies  Hemiazygous vein: present on the left side and descends Accessory hemiazygous vein: present on the left side and ascends "
40
Describe the path of the thoracic duct including spinal levels
Start: T12 as continuation of cisterna chyli Diaphragm: passes at T12 alongside aorta Thorax: ascends in posterior mediastinum to right of midline on front of vertebral bodies; crosses at T5 to left side Ends: empties to left internal jugular-subclavian vein junction
41
Describe the arching of the aorta and the vessels produced
Arching: arises anterior to the trachea over the left lung root, producing the brachiocephalic trunk (forms the righr subclavian and right common carotid), left common carotid and then left subclavian artery 
42
Describe the path and role of the common carotid arteries
Divide to the external and internal carotids high in the neck, supplying head and neck (internal is deeper, external more superficial) 
43
Describe the role of ligamentum arteriosum
Connects the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary arteries) to the aortic arch; remnant of the ductus arteriosus that bypasses foetal lungs
44
Describe the origin and role of the phrenic nerves
Origin: cervical plexus C3-5 Role: motor to diaphragm, sensory to pericardium, peritoneum, pleura and central diaphragm tendon 
45
Describe the course of the right phrenic nerve
Reaches diaphragm lying on surface of right brachiocephalic, SVC and right side of heart 
46
Describe the course of the left phrenic nerve
Crosses the Vagus to cross the aortic arch more anteriorly, passing towards the diaphragm by running on the lateral surface of the heart 
47
Describe the formation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Left recurrent laryngeal: left Vagus nerve loops around ligamentum arteriosum/aortic arch Right recurrent laryngeal: right Vagus loops around right subclavian (shorter)
48
Describe the paths of the Vagus nerves after forming the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Left Vagus: forms an anterior plexus on the oesophagus | Right Vagus: forms a posterior plexus on the oesophagus
49
Describe the anatomy of the two pericardial sinuses
"Oblique pericardial sinus: formed by reflection onto pulmonary veins posterior to the left atrium  Transverse pericardial sinus: posterior to ascending aorta/pulmonary trunk and anterior to superior vena cava "
50
Describe the structure of the pericardium
Fibroserous sac surrounding heart and great vessels, consisting of fibrous and serous layer, with the serous layer comprised of the parietal and visceral layers
51
Describe the sulci of the heart
Internal partitions of the chambers of the heart are reflected as grooves on the external surface (where vessels and fat deposits run) Coronary suclus: separates atria from ventricles Interventricular sulcus: separates ventricles from each other (anterior and posterior line)
52
State the cusps, role and position of auscultation of the aortic valve
Cusps: left, right and posterior/non-coronary  Role: separates LV and aorta Position of Auscultation: 2nd ICS right of sternum
53
State the cusps, role and position of auscultation of the pulmonary valve
Cusps: anterior, left and right  Role: separates RV and pulmonary trunk Position of Auscultation: 2nd ICS left of sternum
54
State the cusps, role and position of auscultation of the mitral valve
Cusps: anterior and posterior Role: separates LA and LV Position of Auscultation: 5th ICS MCL
55
State the cusps, role and position of auscultation of the tricuspid valve
Cusps: septal, anterior and posterior Role: separates RA and RV Position of Auscultation: 5th ICS left of sternum 
56
Describe the formation of coronary arteries
Left: arises from the sinus created by the left coronary cusp Right: arises from the sinus created by the right coronary cusp
57
Describe the most common branching of the left coronary artery
"Forms the circumflex artery that moves laterally around the heart and forms the left marginal branchForms the anterior interventricular branch to supply the anterior wall  "
58
Describe the most common branching of the right coronary artery
"Usually dominantForms the sinu-atrial branch to supply the atriaForms the right coronary artery laterally and the right marginal branch inferiorly When dominant: forms the posterior interventricular branch on the inferior surface  "
59
State the main cardiac veins and where they drain to
Anterior: great cardiac vein Lateral: middle and small cardiac veins Posterior: posterior cardiac vein Drain to: coronary sinus which empties to right atrium
60
Describe the surface projection of the heart
a) 3rd CC 1cm right of sternum b) 2nd CC 2.5cm left of sternum c) 5th ICS MCL d) 6th CC 1cm right of sternum
61
Which coronary artery is most often involved in myocardial infarctions
Left anterior descending 
62
Explain the pathology and treatment of cardiac tamponade
Pathology: accumulation of blood between the pericardium and heart Treatment: pericardiocentesis at 5th ICS just left of sternum
63
"Label structures 1-7 "
1) Right brachiocephalic vein2) Brachiocephalic trunk3) Left brachiocephalic vein4) Left subclavian artery5) Left common carotid artery6) Oesophagus7) Trachea 
64
List the structures present at the level of the sternal angle and its spinal level
Spinal Level: T4/5 Rib 2Aortic archTracheal bifurcationPulmonary trunkLigamentum arteriosumAzygous vein drains to SVCNervesThoracic duct
65
Describe the surface anatomy of the breast
Horizontally: Lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line Vertically: 2nd to 6th ICS Superficial to: pec major and serratus anterior
66
Describe the mammary glands of the breast
15-20 secretory lobules drain into lactiferous ducts that converge at the areola 
67
Describe the anatomy of the connective tissue of the breast
Connective tissue: fibrous stroma condenses to form suspensory (Cooper's) ligaments that attach to dermis and pectoral fascia Pectoral fascia: fibrous and strong sheet of connective tissue attached to the pectoralis major, upon which the base of the breast lies
68
Describe the arterial supply to the breast
Right subclabvian forms the internal thoracic artery posteriolaterally to the sternum and the lateral thoracic artery at the AAL Medial aspect: supplied by medial mammary arteries branching from the internal thoracic  Nipple/areola: branch of the internal thoracic Lateral aspect: supplied by lateral mammary arteries branching from the lateral thoracic 
69
Describe the venous drainage of the breast
Correspond to arteries, training to axillary and internal thoracic veins
70
Describe the innervation of the breast - stating that of the nipple itself
Branches of T2-6 intercostal nerves | Nipple: lateral cutaneous branch of T4
71
Describe the normal appearance of lymph
Normal: clear and odourless fluid | Small intestine: opaque and milky due to absorbed fats
72
Compare the lymphatic drainage of the left and right sides of the body
Right upper half: drains to the right subclavian | Rest of body: drains to the left subclavian (via thoracic duct)
73
List the groups of lymph nodes that receive lymph from the breast
Axillary (75%), Parasternal (20%), Posterior intercostal (5%)
74
"Describe the lymphatic drainage of the thoracic wall"
- Parasternal nodes: anteriorly in ICS | - Intercostal nodes: posteriorly in ICS- Diaphragmatic nodes- Superficial nodes
75
"Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs"
- Tracheobronchial: present on the surface of the bronchi and trachea- Left / Right MediastinalTracheobronchial units join with parasternal/brachiocephalic vessels 
76
"Describe the lymphatic drainage of the heart"
Follows the coronary arteries to drain to brachiocephalic / tracheobronchial trunks
77
"Describe the lymphatic drainage of the posterior mediastinum"
Oesophageal/diaphragmatic/hepatic/pericardial lymph drains to the thoracic duct and posterior mediastinal nodes
78
List potential causes of lymph node enlargement
Infection, neoplasia or tuberculosis

LSS (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions