Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Eye And Visual Pathways > Retina > Flashcards

Retina Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the optic disk a blind spot

A

Absence of photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 11 retinal layers

A

ILM- Inner limiting membrane
NFL- Nerve Fibre layer
GCL- ganglion cell layer
IPL- inner plexiform layer
INL- inner nuclear layer
OPL- outer plexiform layer
ONL- outer nuclear layer
OLM- outer limiting membrane
is- (photoreceptors) inner segments
os- (photoreceptors) outer segments
RPE- retinal pigment epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the photoreceptors has a higher number throughout most of the retina

A

Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which part of the retina contains no rods but many cones

A

Foveola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the fovea

A

Area of the retina that provides the highest vision acuity
Center of gaze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the neural retina

A

Innermost layer of the retina, which contains the photoreceptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ILM

A

Inner limiting membrane- a transparent, delicate structure forming the interface between neural retina and vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which are the components of NFL

A

Axons of ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the composition of GCL

A

Ganglion cell BODIES
some amacrine cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition and function of ganglion cells

A

Final output neurons in the brain
Transmit visual information from the eye to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary function of IPL

A

Facilitates the communication between bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the composition of the IPL

A

Axons and dendrites
Forms synapses of bipolar cells and amacrine cells WITH ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 types of cell bodies found in the INL

A

bipolar
horizontal
Amacrine
Müller cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the composition of the OPL

A

Synapses of photoreceptor cells with bipolar and horizontal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are axons pre/post synaptic

A

Presynaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are dentrites pre/post synaptic

A

Post synaptic

17
Q

Which layer are the nuclei and cell bodies of rods and cones found

A

Outer Nuclear Layer

18
Q

Function of the photoreceptor inner segment

A

Responsible for metabolic and synthetic activities

19
Q

Function of the photoreceptors outer segment

A

Contains visual pigments responsible for light absorption

20
Q

Function of photoreceptor cilia

A

Facilitates communication and transport between inner and outer segments

21
Q

Describe the shape of the cells of RPE

A

Hexagonal
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium over the fovea

22
Q

Function of RPE

A

forms barrier between choroidal blood and neural retina
Absorption of light by melanin
Synthesis of visual pigment chromophore

23
Q

What pigment is found in RPE and what is its function

A

Melanin
Absorbed excess lightband reduces light scattering in the eye

24
Q

Advantage of the macular pigment absorbing blue light

A

Minimizes chromatic aberration- results in a sharper image
Reduce the amount of high energy blue light reaching the sensitive cells of retina

25
Q

Describe the differences between the blood supply of outer retina and the inner retina

A

Outer retina- choroidal blood
Inner retina- blood from blood vessels originating at the optic disk

26
Q

Based on adhesion and cell types, what are the two types of retina

A

Neural (neurosensory) retina
Retinal pigment epithelium RPE

27
Q

What makes up the outer retina

A

Photoreceptors and RPE

28
Q

Two main functions of Bruch’s membrane

A

separating retina and choroid
gaseous, nutrients and waste product exchange

29
Q

Where is Bruch’s membrane located

A

Between RPE and choroid

30
Q

What are the different functions of the apical and basal surfaces of RPE

A

Apical- phagocytosis of shed outer segments of photoreceptors
Basal- facilitates substance exchange between choroid and retina

31
Q

Describe how the surface areas of the apical and basal surfaces is increased

A

Apical- microvilli
Basal- infoldings

32
Q

Why is the RPE essential for viability and function of photoreceptors (7reasons)

A
  1. Transport of nutrients, oxgyen etc between choroid and RPE
  2. Storage of nutrients
  3. Transport of nutrients to photoreceptors
  4. Tight junctions regulate water and molecule flow
  5. Phagocytosis of shed outer segments
  6. Recycling of nutrients from phagocytosed os
  7. Removal of waste
33
Q

What nutrients are recycled from phagocytosed os

A

Lipids
Proteins
Vitamin A

34
Q

3 Functions of omega-3 lipids

A

Photoreceptor function especially in the os
Anti-inflammatory properties
Protection against oxidative stress due to high metabolic stress in photoreceptors

35
Q

Why does the macula appear darker on a fundus

A

Increased concentration of melanin in the RPE

36
Q

What is the maximal retinal thickness range

A

349+/- 17 micrometers

Eye And Visual Pathways (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions