reticular formations

Question 1

where can the reticular formations be found

Answer 1

in brainstem tegmentum

Question 2

what are reticular formations

Answer 2

mass of neurons and nerve fibers extending from caudal medulla to rostral midbrain

Question 3

what do reticular formations receives

Answer 3

receives input from most sensory systems

Question 4

what do reticular formations send

Answer 4

sends efferent fibers to all CNS levels

Question 5

what to reticular formations influence

Answer 5

skeletal muscle activity, somatic and visceral sensation, ANS and endocrine systems as well as level of consciousness

Question 6

the reticular formations are deeply placed in ______

Answer 6

continuous network of nerve cells and fibers extending from brainstem, subthalamus, hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 7

what are the 3 longitudinal columns

Answer 7

Median column - at median plane: intermediate-sized neurons

Medial column - large neurons

Lateral column - small neurons

Question 8

what does the raphe nuclei of medulla receive

Answer 8

inputs from spinal cord, trigeminal sensory nuclei and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain

Question 9

where does the raphe nuclei of medulla project

Answer 9

to cerebellum, dorsal horn of spinal cord and trigeminal nuclei

Question 10

exp the analgesic effect of electrical stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray

Answer 10

from facilitatory input from the periaqueductal gray matter to medullary raphe nuclei and its inhibitory projections on spinothalamic neurons in dorsal horn of spinal cord

Question 11

what does the raphe nuclei of pons and midbrain receive

Answer 11

inputs from prefrontal cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus

Question 12

where does the raphe nuclei of pons and midbrain project

Answer 12

to forebrain, cerebellum and brainstem

Question 13

involved in pain mechanisms

Answer 13

Caudal raphe nuclei

Question 14

involved with wakefulness, alertness and sleep

Answer 14

Rostral raphe nuclei

Question 15

the paramedian groups receives and projects to ______

Answer 15

input from spinal cord, cerebral cortex, vestibular nuclei

project to cerebellum

Question 16

the medial group receives input from

Answer 16

spinal cord, ascending sensory systems, superior colliculus, vestibulocerebellum, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

Question 17

the descending projections of the medial group project to ______ and controls ______

Answer 17

SC and motor control

Question 18

the ascending projections of the medial group project to ______ and controls ______

Answer 18

intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and basal cholinergic nuclei (nucleus basalis of Meynert)

consciousness and alertness

Question 19

nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis is responsible for ______

Answer 19

paradoxical (REM) sleep

Question 20

lateral group recieves _______

Answer 20

Receive input from contralateral red nucleus, spinal cord, trigeminal, auditory and vestibular sensory systems

Question 21

lateral group projects to _______

Answer 21

Project to both cerebellar hemispheres and to medial nuclei

Question 22

Pedunculopontine nucleus recieves _____ and is responsible for _________

Answer 22

input from cerebral cortex, globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars reticulata

Locomotion center

Question 23

parabrachial nucleus recieves _____ and projects _________

Answer 23

input from amygdala, nucleus solitarius

Projects to hypothalamus, preoptic
area, amygdala and intralaminar
thalamic nuclei

Question 24

parabrachial nucleus is responsible for _______

Answer 24

Autonomic regulation

Question 25

Continuation of reticular formation from brainstem

Answer 25

Reticular Nucleus of Thalamus

Question 26

reticular nuc of thalamus receives and projects ______

Answer 26

input from cerebral cortex and other thalamic nuclei

Project to other thalamic nuclei

Question 27

NT for reticular nuc of thalamus

Answer 27

GABA - inhibitort

Question 28

function of reticular nuc of thalamus

Answer 28

Integrating and gating thalamic nuclei activities

Question 29

where does acetylcholine project to

Answer 29

Pontomesencephalic region of brainstem - pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei

Basal forebrain

Question 30

deficiency in Acethylcholine

Answer 30

Alzheimer’s

Question 31

dopamine is located where

Answer 31

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Ventral tegmental area

Question 32

Mesostriatal (nigrostriatal)

Answer 32

for movement

Question 33

Mesolimbic

Answer 33

Overactivity hallucinations

Schizophrenia - kapag too much dopamine sa mesolimbic

Question 34

Mesocortical

Answer 34

function. working memory, attentional aspects

Dysfunction: cognitive deficit and hypokinesia in PD (Parkinson’s disease)

Question 35

Modulation of attention, sleep wake
states and mood

Answer 35

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

Question 36

Serotonin is found on

Answer 36

Raphe nuclei of brainstem

Question 37

Serotonin is for

Answer 37

Sleep, emotion

Question 38

Found in neurons of posterior hypothalamus in tuberomammillary nucleus

Answer 38

Histamine

Question 39

Histamine

Answer 39

Maintain alert state

Question 40

pacemaker for respiration

Answer 40

Pre-BÖtzinger complex

Question 41

located along caudal lateral wall of the fourth ventricle in medulla

Answer 41

Area Postrema

Question 42

Contains chemotactic trigger zone

Answer 42

Area Postrema

Question 43

Maintain sphincter control

Answer 43

Pontine micturition center