Results of cell adaptation

Question 1

atrophy causes

Answer 1

-Disuse decreasedmuscle use -Denervation Muscles of paralyzed limbs -Loss of endocrine stimulation Loss of estrogen (menopause) -Inadequate Nutrition* -Ischemia or decreased blood flow* *cell dec. their size and energy requirements

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

-hypertrophy increase in size because cell cannot adapt through mitotic division

-Physiologic Hypertrophy
Caused by Exercise
-Pathologic Hypertrophic: 2 types
pathologic Adaptive
Thickening urinary bladder due to obstruction
Myocardial hypertrophy
pathologic Compensatory
Removal of one kidney

Question 3

hypertrophy examples

Answer 3

• physiologic hypertrophy: exercise
• pathological adaptive:
  
  • thickining urinary bladder due to obstruction
  • myocardial hypertrophy: hypertrophic left heart d/t increased SVR
    
    • hypertrophic right heart d/t increase PVR
• Pathological Compensatory: removal of right kidney

Question 4

Hyperplasia

Answer 4

Physiologic: hormonal/compensatory

• Hormonal
  
  • Breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy– estrogen stimulation
• Compensatory
  
  • Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy
• Nonphysiologic
  
  • Endometrial hyperplasia—excessive estrogen
  • BPH—androgens

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

• Substitution of cells that are better able to survive- chronic irritant or stressor
  
  • Smokers—adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for the ciliated columnar epithelial cells in trachea
  • GERD—BARRETS ESOPHAGITIS normal squamous epithelium in the lower esophagus transform into columnar-lined epithelium. (Barret Esophagus)

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

• Derange cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
• Potentially reversible
• Strongly implicated as precursor of cancer
• Common seen in the respiratory tract and uterine cervix

Question 7

Intacellular Accumulations Sources

Answer 7

• Buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate. May be harmless or toxic
• Three sources:
  
  • Normal Body Substances
  • Abnormal Endogenous Products
  • Exogenous Products

Question 8

Intracellular Accumulations: Normal Body Substances

Answer 8

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin, and bilirubin.
E.g. fatty changes in the liver

Question 9

INtracellular Accumulations: Abnormal Endogenous Products

Answer 9

Those resulting from inborn errors of metabolism
Genetic disorders—Tay Sachs—lipids accumulate in brain

Question 10

Intracellular Accumulations: Exogenous Products

Answer 10

Environmental agents and pigments not broken down by the cell
Carbon in the form of coal dust—polluted environments—blacken lung tissue and cause serious disease
Other example–Lead poisoning

Question 11

Pathological Calcifications definiton and types

Answer 11

• Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals
• 2 Types: Dystrophic Calcification, Metastatic Calcification

Question 12

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 12

• occurs in dead or dying tissue in the presence of normal calcium serum levels
• Atherosclerosis, damaged heart valves, areas of necrosis.

Question 13

Metastatic Calcification

Answer 13

• occurs in normal tissue as a result of increased serum calcium levels.
  
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Cancer with metastatic bone lesions