results and conclusions of all contemp and classic studies

Question 1

results of pavlov

Answer 1

1. it took around 20 pairings of the metronome (NS) and food (UCS) for the metronome to become the CS and elicit salivation
2. salivation started 9 seconds after hearing the metronome and after 45 seconds 11 drops of saliva had been collected

Question 2

pavlov’s conclusions

Answer 2

1. it is signalisation in the brain that links metronome to food and gives the reflex response of salivation
2. conditioning is sensitive to extraneous variables and individual differences

Question 3

watson and rayner results

Answer 3

1. at 11 months and 3 days, when little alberts left hand went to touch the rat and the steel bar was struck, he jumped violently, fell forward and whimpered
2. at 11 months and 15 days, little alberts fear of the white rat had generalised onto the santa mask, which he cried in response to

Question 4

watson and rayner conclusions

Answer 4

little alberts fear of the white rat may have lasted a lifetime

Question 5

bandura 1961 results

Answer 5

1. males watching the male role model copied 25.8 aggressive acts, where as females watching the male only copied 7.2 aggressive acts
2. girls copied 5.5 aggressive acts if the role model was female
3. girls more likely to be verbally aggressive, boys more likely to be physically aggressive

Question 6

bandura 1961 conclusions

Answer 6

1. boys are more likely to copy physical aggression than girls, girls are more likely to show verbal aggression
2. bandura’s findings support SLT, that children learn behaviours like aggression via observation and imitation

Question 7

bandura 1963 results

Answer 7

1. girls in the cartoon film condition had a total aggression score of 80.9 where as boys in this condition had a total aggression 117.2
2. girls in the cartoon film condition were more likely to sit on the bobo doll with a score of 15.3, compared to the boys with a score of 5.6

Question 8

bandura 1963 conclusions

Answer 8

1. children are more likely to copy a same sex role model
2. boys may be more aggressive than girls due to stereotypes in society

Question 9

bandura 1965 results

Answer 9

1. the no consequence group did not differ from the model rewarded group
2. boys produced more imitative responses than girls

Question 10

bandura 1965 conclusions

Answer 10

1. children imitated the aggression after viewing the film when they were left alone in a room with the bobo doll
2. those in the model rewarded and no consequence conditions were more likely to imitate the aggression than those in the model punished

Question 11

capafons results

Answer 11

1. 18/20 of the ppts who received treatment experienced a decrease in fear of flying from 25.6 to 13.3
2. heart rate before treatment for the treatment group was 1.04 but after it was 0.99

Question 12

capafons conclusions

Answer 12

1. overall the programme reduced the fear of flying in the treatment group
2. although 10% did not show a significant reduction
3. there was no reduction in fear in the control group showing that time was not enough to reduce fear

Question 13

baddeley results

Answer 13

1. forgetting for the semantically similar words was around 85% but only 60% in the semantically similar group in experiment 3
2. In trial 4 and 5 the semantically similar group remembered 60% but the semantically dissimilar group remembered 90% word order

Question 14

baddeley conclusions

Answer 14

1. ltm encodes semantically
2. stm encodes acoustically

Question 15

sebastian and hernandez gill results

Answer 15

1. 5 year olds had the lowest digit span of 3.76
2. the increase in 1 digit started at age 9 and rose smoothly until age 11

Question 16

sebastian and hernandez conclusions

Answer 16

1. average digit span in spanish children is lower due to the world length effect
2. digit span increases until 17 in spanish kids but only 15 in english

Question 17

raine results

Answer 17

1. Limbic system abnormalities in the amygdala in the right hemisphere the activity for the murders was 0.88 compared to 0.83 for the controls, showing greater activity
2. murderers had lower levels of brain activity in the left hemisphere in the corpus callosum compared to non-murderers (0.68 vs 0.56)

Question 18

raine conclusions

Answer 18

1. the brains of murderers pleading not guilty by reason of insanity are different from non-murderers
2. deficits in the PFC can cause impulsivity, lack of self control, immaturity leading to aggressive acts

Question 19

brengden results

Answer 19

1. teachers rated social aggression as M=0.72, SD= 1.22
2. teachers rated physical aggression as M=0.78, SD= 1.41

Question 20

brengden conclusions

Answer 20

there is a strong genetic component to physical aggression but not social, social aggression is more due to environmental factors

Question 21

sherif results

Answer 21

1. at the end of the friction phase, out group friendship choices were 6.4% for Rattlers and 7.5% for Eagles.
2. at the end of the integration phase, out group friendship choices were 36.4% for the Rattlers and 23.2% for the Eagles

Question 22

sherif conclusions

Answer 22

1. conflict of competition between 2 groups can cause prejudice and discrimination
2. superordinate goals can stop prejudice and conflict

Question 23

burger results

Answer 23

1. 12 ppts stopped at 150V or earlier
2. 70% of the base condition carried on after 150V compared to 82.5% in Milgram’s study

Question 24

burger conclusions

Answer 24

1. time and culture had no effect on obedience and neither did the 2nd confederate
2. no gender difference in obedience levels

Question 25

milgram 1963 results

Answer 25

1. all ppts went up to 300V
2. 65% went up to 450V
3. 3 ppts had uncontrollable seizures

Question 26

milgram 1963 conclusions

Answer 26

1. study took place in prestigious yale uni, so may have made ppts obey experimenter
2. average person will obey authority figure if they are legitimate even if it harms an innocent person

Question 27

milgram telephonic instruction results

Answer 27

1. only 20.5% of ppts went up to 450V
2. ppts would tell the experimenter they were increasing the shock levels over the phone but only giving the lowest shock on the board

Question 28

milgram telephonic instruction conclusions

Answer 28

the physical presence of an authority figure is important for obedience

Question 29

milgram rundown office block results

Answer 29

1. lower obedience rate of 45% of ppts going up to 450V
2. 2 ppts refused to give the lowest shock of 15V

Question 30

milgram rundown office block conclusions

Answer 30

setting is not as important as presence of authority figure for obedience

Question 31

milgram ordinary man results

Answer 31

1. 20% went up to 450V
2. 5 ppts from the 16 that disobeyed physically restrained the confederate

Question 32

milgram ordinary man conclusions

Answer 32

the status of the authority figure is important for obedience to occur but other factors such as the shock generator still cause obedience