Results

Question 1

Canli et al

Answer 1

• Subjects ratings of emotional intensity, from 0 to 3, were similarly distributed across the four intensity categories, with 29, 22, 24 and 25% of all scenes being rated as 0, 1, 2 or 3 respectively.

Question 2

Schachter and Singer (Self-report, Euphoria)

Answer 2

Epi Mis - 1.90
Epi Inf - 0.98
Placebo - 1.61

Epi Mis > Epi Inf because they are looking for external cues to label the way they’re feeling, which results in greater happiness.

Question 3

Schachter and Singer (Self-report, Anger)

Answer 3

Epi Inf - 1.91
Epi Ign - 1.39
Placebo - 1.63

Ignorant should be angrier compared to informed. However, results showed that informed was angrier than ignorant. This is because participants did not want to ruin the study.

Placebo is very close to Epi Ign / Epi Inf because:
- It is suspected that participants didn’t want to tell the truth because they didn’t want to ruin the study (it is a public study).
- Participants also wanted the extra credit (university) because they get extra credit for joining the experiment.

However, behaviour data still showed that Ign > Inf and Placebo because there are no effects of Epi injection towards placebo.

Question 4

Schachter and Singer (Activity Index, Euphoria)

Answer 4

Epi Inf - 12.72
Epi Mis - 22.56
Placebo - 16.00

Epi Mis > Epi Inf

Question 5

Schachter and Singer (Activity Index, Anger)

Answer 5

Epi Ign: +2.28
Epi Inf: -0.18

• Epi Ign > Epi Inf = Placebo
• Epi Ign were told there were no side effects, so they were looking for external cues to label the way they’re feeling, therefore resulting in greater anger.

Question 6

Dement and Kleitman (Experiment 1)

Answer 6

• There was much higher dream recall in REM sleep than nREM sleep.
• DN was not more accurate than the others although there was a pattern he might have learned.
• Most instances of inability to recall dreaming after awakenings during REM periods occurred in the early part of the night. (19 in first 2 hours, 11 in second 2 hours, 5 in third 2 hours, 4 in last 2 hours)

Question 7

Dement and Kleitman (Experiment 2)

Answer 7

• Participants’ responses were 88% accurate for 5-minute REM duration and 78% accurate for 15-minute REM duration.
• All participants were able to choose correct dream duration with high accuracy except DN. This made most of his incorrect choices by estimating 15 min to be 5 min.
• Lengths of dream narratives (number of words) still showed a significant relationship to the duration of REM periods before awakening.

Question 8

Andrade (Doodling)

Answer 8

• Control participants correctly wrote down a mean of 7.1 of the 8 names of partygoers during the tape. 5 people made a false alarm.
• Doodling participants correctly wrote down a mean of 7.8 of the 8 names of partygoers during the tape. 1 person made a false alarm.
• Monitoring performance (correct names – false alarms) in the doodling condition (mean = 7.7) was significantly higher than in the control condition (mean = 6.9).

Memory Score / Control Group / Doodling Group
Names / 4.0 (1.5) / 5.1 (1.7)
Places / 1.8 (1.2) / 2.4 (1.5)

• Participants in the doodling condition recalled a mean of 7.5 pieces of information (names and places), 29% more than the mean of 5.8 recalled by the control group.

Question 9

Baron-cohen et al (Eyes test)

Answer 9

Performance on Eyes Test and AQ test
- Group 1 performed significantly worse on the Eyes Test (21.9) than the other three groups, who did not differ from each other.
- Group 1 also scored the highest on the AQ test (34.4) compared to the other groups.
- Negative correlation between the AQ and Eyes test was confirmed. Hence, as an individual’s AQ score increases, their ability to recognize emotions decreases.

Gender Differences
- There was a significant difference between the male and female score in the student comparison group on the AQ test.
- All subjects with AS/HFA scored at least 33 out of 36 on the gender recognition control task. (female superiority)
- Sex difference did not reach significance with the new test possibly because the effect size is relatively small, so therefore the chance of detecting a sex difference would be low.

IQ
- There was no significant correlation between IQ and the Eyes test, suggesting that this is independent of general (non-social) intelligence