Restrictive Lung disease Flashcards
Question 1: What is the primary consequence of Restrictive Lung Disease on the lungs’ air-holding capacity?
Answer 1:
- Restrictive Lung Disease results in a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs can hold
- due to decreased lung elasticity or issues related to chest wall expansion during inhalation.
Question 2: Describe the role of alveolar macrophages in the pathophysiology of Restrictive Lung Diseases.
Answer 2:
- Alveolar macrophages are activated when exposed to triggers entering the respiratory system.
- They produce cytokines, which activate the immune system and stimulate neutrophils and T-cells, propagating immune response worsening.
Question 3: How does repeated lung injury lead to fibrosis in Restrictive Lung Diseases?
Answer 3:
- Repeated lung injury triggers fibroblasts to produce fibrous tissue,
- leading to its deposition in the lung parenchyma, resulting in fibrosis.
Question 4: What is the term used to describe fibrosis occurring in various locations within the lung tissue?
Answer 4: Fibrosis can occur in different lung locations, leading to the term Diffused parenchymal lung disease.”
Question 5: In what way does fibrosis impact lung compliance and inflatability?
Answer 5:
- Fibrosis significantly reduces lung compliance, resulting in a decrease in the lung’s ability to inhale as much volume of air as normal lungs.
Question 6: Name and explain the two categories of Restrictive Lung Diseases based on the origin of the disorder.
Answer 6:
- Intrinsic Pulmonary Disorders (fibrosis within the lung tissue) and #
- Extrinsic Pulmonary Disorders (issues not originating from lung tissues).
Question 7: What are the three types of disorders that fall under Extrinsic Pulmonary Disorders, and how do they affect lung expansion?
Answer 7:
(1) Pleural Cavity Disorders (pleural effusion and pneumothorax),
(2) Neuromuscular Disorders (muscle and nerve impairments), and
(3) Chest Wall Disorders (bone, joint, and ligament issues). These disorders can prevent proper lung expansion.
Question 8: How do neuromuscular disorders like Myasthenia Gravis and Guillain Barre Syndrome impact lung expansion?
Answer 8:
Neuromuscular disorders affect lung expansion by impairing the muscles or nerves that supply muscles responsible for lifting the ribs and expanding the chest and lungs.
- Myasthenia Gravis involves inhibition at neuromuscular junctions due to antibody attack, while
- Guillain Barre Syndrome causes muscle weakness due to nerve damage.
Question 9: What is the effect of obesity on chest wall expansion in relation to Restrictive Lung Diseases?
Answer 9:
Obesity prevents proper chest wall expansion due to the presence of a fatty layer that limits the chest wall’s ability to expand.
Question 10: How do scoliosis and ankylosing spondylitis impact chest wall movement and expansion?
Answer 10:
- Scoliosis impedes rib movement, while
- ankylosing spondylitis involves inflammation in joints,
- both of which can lead to restricted chest wall movement and expansion.
Question 1: Describe the characteristics of granulomatous restrictive lung diseases and how they restrict lung expansion.
Answer 1:
- the deposition of clumps of macrophages, lymphocytes, giant cells, and fibrous tissues in the lung parenchyma, leading to restricted lung expansion.
- These diseases can be caseating (e.g., tuberculosis) or non-caseating.
Question 2: Name two examples of granulomatous restrictive lung diseases and their respective epidemiological features.
Answer 2:
(a) Sarcoidosis: Common in young African-American females, aged 20-30s.
(b) Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Common in farmers and triggered by organic dusts and proteins, such as hay, barley, and pigeon droppings.
Question 3: What is the underlying mechanism of pneumoconiosis in causing restrictive lung disease?
Answer 3: Pneumoconiosis involves exposure to triggers that induce an immune response, leading to fibrosis of the lung parenchyma.
Question 4: List three examples of occupational exposures that can lead to silicosis.
Answer 4:
(a) Sandblasting,
(b) Mines, and
(c) Foundries can expose individuals to triggers that cause silicosis.
Question 5: Name two occupations that could lead to asbestosis and describe the triggers.
Answer 5:
(a) Shipbuilding and
(b) Plumbing are occupations that can lead to asbestosis.
- Asbestos exposure is common in these occupations due to its use in building materials.
Question 6: Provide an example of a disease associated with exposure to beryllium and list some industries where such exposure could occur.
Answer 6:
- Berylliosis can occur due to exposure to beryllium and is commonly associated with industries like aerospace, electronics, ceramics, and manufacturing.
Question 7: Name a type of pneumoconiosis that is linked to coal mining and provide an example of another substance besides coal that could trigger pneumoconiosis.
Answer 7:
(a) Co-Workers Pneumoconiosis (CWP) is linked to coal mines.
(b) Carbon mines are another example of an occupation that can lead to pneumoconiosis.
Question 8: Mention four drugs that can cause fibrosis as a fatal side effect.
Answer 8:
(a) Methotrexate,
(b) Amiodarone,
(c) Nitrofurantoin, and
(d) Bleomycin are drugs known to cause fibrosis as a serious side effect.
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Question 9: Explain the concept of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and provide examples of triggers.
Answer 9:
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is triggered by exposure to organic dusts and proteins.
- Examples include hay, barley, and pigeon droppings, which can induce a granulomatous type of response in the lung.
Question 1: How do collagen vascular diseases contribute to restrictive lung diseases, and what are two possible outcomes of immune responses in these diseases?
Answer 1:
* Collagen vascular diseases, which are immune disorders, can lead to the production of autoantibodies.
- These autoantibodies can either destroy lung tissue directly or cause vasculitis.
- Both outcomes can ultimately result in lung injury and fibrosis.
Question 10: How do granulomatous restrictive lung diseases differ from pneumoconiosis in terms of their underlying mechanisms?
Answer 10:
- Granulomatous restrictive lung diseases involve the deposition of immune cells and fibrous tissue, while pneumoconiosis is caused by exposure to triggers inducing immune responses and fibrosis.
Question 2: Name three examples of collagen vascular diseases that can lead to restrictive lung diseases and describe the specific autoantibodies involved in each case.
Answer 2:
(a) Scleroderma involves antibodies like Anti-SCL 70 and Anti-centromere.
(b) GPA (Granulomatosis polyangiitis) is associated with C-ANCA autoantibodies.
(c) EPA (Eosinophilic polyangiitis) is linked to P-ANCA autoantibodies.
Question 3: How does GPA (Granulomatosis polyangiitis) impact the lungs, and what type of blood vessels are affected?
Answer 3:
- GPA, also known as Granulomatosis polyangiitis or Wagner’s granulomatosis, involves the auto-antibodies C-ANCA.
- It attacks the lung capillaries, leading to lung injury and potential fibrosis.