restriction

Question 1

restriction-

Answer 1

Characterised by
1. Restricting access to desired foods/drinks
2. Often high-calorie “treat” foods
Why?
* Response to child weight / health concerns
* Driven by child innate preferences
Common caregiver responses
➢ Overt restriction
➢ Inconsistent restriction- creates confusion, e.g. sometimes you can have chocolate cake and sometimes you cant for example

Question 2

overt restriction-

Answer 2

Fisher and Birch (1999)
Two snacks in daycare
▪Snack 1 available for full duration of snack time
▪Snack 2 only available for a limited duration
* Snack 2
* “I want it!”
* Clapping when available
* Pounding fists on table when access no longer
available
* Consumed more when available
when restricted kids ate more

Question 3

restriction 2.

Answer 3

Birch et al. (2003)
* 197 girls: tested at 5, 7 and 9 years
* Girls eat lunch until full
* Free access food / toys
Found
* Restriction at 5 → eating in the absence of
hunger at 7 and 9
* Especially if overweight
so the parents who reported high levels of restriction, their kids ate more in the absence of hunger, especially if overweight

Question 4

need for specific interventions for parent- child relationship

Answer 4

Pickard et al., 2024-
The results suggested direct links between parent and child eating profiles, with the ‘avid eating’ and ‘avoidant eating’ profiles in parents predicting similar profiles in their children. Feeding practices, such as using food for emotional regulation, providing balanced and varied food, and promoting a healthy home food environment, mediated associations between parent and child eating profiles. This research provides novel evidence to reinforce the need for interventions to be specifically tailored to both the parent’s and child’s eating profiles.

Question 5

Emma Haycraft study

Answer 5

Haycraft et al., 2012-
No associations were found between mothers’ reported and observed feeding practices. Fathers’ reported pressure to eat and restriction were associated with more controlling observed mealtime feeding practices. Mothers and fathers did not significantly differ in their reported or observed child-feeding practices. Children’s BMI was not related to maternal or paternal reported or observed feeding practices. More mealtime pressure was observed in parents with a higher BMI.

Discussion: Fathers’ self-reports of their mealtime practices are reliable. Mothers’ feeding practices may differ when fathers are present and further work should examine mothers at mealtimes with and without fathers. Although children’s BMI was not related to parents’ use of reported or observed control, parents with a higher BMI were more controlling, highlighting the importance of considering parents’ own weight in future studies.

Question 6

another study on restriction

Answer 6

Birch et al., 2002-

Results:
Two subscales of the Child Feeding Questionnaire, pressure to eat and concern for child’s weight, explained 15% of the variance in total fat mass in both African American and white boys and girls (P < 0.001) after correction for total lean mass and energy intake (which explained 5% of the variance in total fat mass). Ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status did not contribute significantly to variance in total fat mass.
Conclusions:
Child-feeding practices are key behavioral variables that explain more of the variance in total fat mass than does energy intake in a biethnic population of boys and girls. These findings have important implications for the prevention of obesity in children because they suggest that prevention programs need to focus on the feeding behaviors of parents in addition to the macronutrient and energy intakes of children.