Restorative Art 1 Flashcards
Are muscles paired or single
Both
Non-anatomical name for Occipitofrontalis muscle
epicranius
Non-anatomical name for Corrugator
Frowning muscle
Non-anatomical name for Orbicularis Oris
Puckering muscle
Non-anatomical name for Zygomaticus Major
Laughing muscle
Non-anatomical name for Buccinator
Trumpeters muscle
Non-anatomical name for Triangularis
Depressor anguli oris
Non-anatomical name for Risorius
False smile muscle
Non-anatomical name for Depressor Labii Inferiroris
Quadratus muscle
Muscle function of the Occipitofrontalis muscle
draws the scalp inferiorly & posteriorly to raise the eyebrows
Muscle function of the Temporalis
a muscle of mastication and is the STRONGEST chewing muscle; assists in side-to-side movement of the mandible & closes the mandible
Muscle function of the Masseter
to close the mandible and a muscle of mastication
Muscle function of the Orbicularis Oculi
closes the eyelid when contracted and compresses the lacrimal sac
Muscle function of the Corrugator
draws the eyebrow inferorily (downward) & medially when contracted
Muscle function of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris
raises the upper eyelid
Muscle function of the Procerus muscle
draws skin downward (inferiorly)
Muscle function of the Orbicularis Oris
closes and puckers the lips, compresses lips against teeth; shapes lips during speech
Muscle function of the Zygomaticus major
the corner of the mouth is raised when this muscle contracts draws the upper lip posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally as in smiling or laughing
Muscle function of the Buccinator
compresses the cheek and pulls the corner of the mouth (anguli oris posteriorly) it produces the action of sucking
Muscle function of the Triangularis
depresses the angle/corner of the mouth
Muscle function of the Quadratus Labii Superioris
group of muscles that serves to raise the upper lip (sneer)
Muscle function of the Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
elevates or raise the upper lip and dilates (flares) the nostrils
Muscle function of the Levator Labii Superioris
elevates and extends the upper lip
Muscle function of the Zygomaticus minor
draws the superior lip superiorly and laterally
Muscle function of the Levator Anguli Oris
lift/ elevates the angle of the mouth
Muscle function of the Risorius
draws corners of mouth outward or laterally; retracts the angle of the mouth
Muscle function of the Depressor Labii Inferioris
depresses/ draws the lower lip inferiorly and slightly laterally
Muscle function of the Mentalis
elevates and protrudes the lower lip; it also wrinkles the skin over the chin area
Muscle function of the Platysma
fills up the space in the neck; depresses mandible & lower lip wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest; it also depresses the mandible and anguli oris as in Pouting
Muscle function of the Sternocleidomastoid
rotate the head; help to depress the head or lower the head
Muscle function of the Digastricus
draws the hyoid bone superiorly; helps manipulate the tongue import for speech
What are the External Facial Bones?
- Nasal Bones (2)
- Zygomatic Bones (2)
- Maxilla (2)
- Mandible (1)
What is the muscle of the cranium?
Occipitofrontalis muscle
What are the muscles of mastifcation (chewing)?
- Temporalis (2)
2. Masseter (2)
Which muscle of mastifcation is the strongest?
Temporalis
What are the muscles of facial expression?
- Orbicularis Oculi
- Corrugator
- Levator Palpebrae Superioris
What is the muscle of the Nose?
Procerus muscle
What are the muscles of the Mouth?
- Orbicularis Oris
- Zygomaticus Major
- Buccinator
- Triangularis
What are the muscles of the mouth & anterior cheek?
- Quadratus Labii Superioris
- Levator Anguli Oris
- Risorius
- Depressor Labii Inferioris
- Mentalis
What are the muscles of the neck?
- Platysma
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Digastricus
What muscles make up the Quadratus Labii Superioris?
- Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
- Levator Labii Superioris
- Zygomaticus Minor
What part of the face is the center of expression?
The Mouth
What are the muscles of mastication?
Temporalis & Masseter
The small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates, just anterior to the external auditory meatus; forms the temporal mandibular join (TMJ)
Mandibular fossa
the prominence at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone
Occipital Protuberance
lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain
Occipital Bone
two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull
Parietal bones
the vertical surface of the temporal bone
Squama
What is the wides part of the cranium?
The Parietal Eminence
the processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; determines the widest part of the face
Zygomatic arch
one of the lesser concavities of the face located on the lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic arch depression
bones of the cheeks; diamond shaped; convex surface which moves in the anterior & lateral plane from the center portion of the bone
Zygomatic bones
Inferior to the mandibular fossa
Meatus
What is the widest part of the neck?
from one sternocleidomastoid muscle to the other
What is the widest part of the face?
Zygomatic bones
a rounded prominence at the end of a bone forming an articulation; the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible
condyle
the ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw
Frontal Process of the Maxilla
the four teeth located anteriorly from the midline on each jaw; used for cutting
Incisor teeth
the inferior border of the mandible
Jawline
triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible
Mental Eminence
a paired bone with several processes that form the skeletal base of most of the superior face, roof of the mouth, sides of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbit
Maxilla
the depression between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth
Incisive Fossa
shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin in a rounded or vertical form; one of the NATURAL facial markings
Dimples
directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior poriton of the nasal cavity
Nasal bones
Can facial markings be Natural or Acquired?
Both
Wrinkles run _______________ to muscle fibers
transverse
are wrinkles more prominent on a male or female?
MALE
what moves in an inferior direction and also moves in a posterior direction?
gravitational pull
the point of muscle attachment which moves the least, beginning of muscles contraction
Origin
the point of muscle attachment, which moves the most
Insertion
furrows which cross the forehead; acquired
Transverse frontal sulci
crows feet; the furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye; acquired facial markings
Optic Facial Sulci
furrow between the eyebrows; can run vertical or transverse; acquired
Interciliary sulci
along inferior margin of the upper eyelid
Superior tarsal
if difficult to close the eyes when setting features; you can cut this muscle to help aid in the closing
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; a natural facial marking
Philtrum
the small convex prominence found lateral to the end of the line of closure of the mouth; natural facial marking
Angulus Oris Emience
the vertical furrow of the cheek; acquired
Bucco-facial sulcus
the sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity
Nasal spine of the maxilla
the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear
Mastoid process
the lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofrontal process
those that are present at birth, hereditary
Natural Facial Markings
facial markings that develop during one’s lifetime, primarily as a result of repetitious use of certain muscles
Acquired Facial Markings
the transverse, dipping furrow of the neck; acquired
Platysmal sulci
that part of the face above the eyes
Forehead
those requiring a long period of time, are extensive, required advanced technical skill, and expressed written consent to perform
Major restoration
those requiring a minimum effort, skill, or time to complete
Minor restoration
the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color
Restorative art
treatments of a restorative nature performed during the embalming operation
Concurrent (during)
treatments of restorative nature performed before the embalming operation
Pre-embalming
treatments of restorative nature performed after the embalming operation
Post-embalming
lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion
Asymmetry
correspondence in size, shape and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face
Symmetry
the side view of the human head
Profile view
Anterior; the anterior view of the face or features
Frontal view
in reference to a photograph, a view which reveals the fullness of the cheeks
Three-Quarters view
the process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance
Embalming
two sides
Bilateral
dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object
Bilateral differences
the bilateral view; an inferior or superior viewpoint which permits the comparison of the two sides or halves of an object or facial feature
Bilateral silhouette
exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface, a concavity
concave
curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere
convex
the study of the structures and surface marking os the face and features
physiognomy
an electrically-heated blade used to dry moist tissues, reduce swollen tissues, and restore contour to natural form, this is used during post-embalming
electric spatula
the topmost part of the head
Crown/ Vertex
weight applied to a surface
External pressure
the vertical surface of the temporal bone
Squama
inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bone and anterior to the occipital bone
Temporal bones
the concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone
temporal cavity
two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull
parietal bones
the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones; determines the widest part of the cranium
Parietal eminence
an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes from the brain
foramen magnum
the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear
mastoid process
the body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward, upper limbs are at the sides with thumbs pointed away from the body
Anatomical position
towards the head;
superior
towards the front
Anterior (ventral)
towards the feet, lower in position
inferior
towards the rear or caudal end
posterior (dorsal)
towards the midline
medial
towards the side, away from midline
lateral
a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings
projection
the withdrawal of a part from its normal position
recession
a hollow or concave region
depression
the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting
protrusion
slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical
inclination
the eyes are ______________ to the mouth
superior
the chest is ___________ to the neck
inferior
the frontal bone is ___________ to the occipital bone
anterior (ventral)
the occipital bone is ___________ to the frontal bone
posterior (dorsal)
to observe the relative locations and arrangements of internal parts, it is necessary to cut or section the body along various planes
body planes
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT portions
Median (sagittal) plane
if the right and left divisions is into two equal halves it is called what?
median or mid-sagittal
divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom)
Horizontal (transverse) plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
frontal (coronal) plane
a state or degree of being deep
depth
a prominence or projection of a bone
Eminence
the most common characteristics of each feature; typical, common, average
Norm
after death
Post-mortem
a single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches in the inferior part of the frontal bone above the root of the nose
Glabella
the anterior third of the cranium, forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull
Frontal bone
paired, rounded, unmargined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline
Frontal eminences
the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows
superciliary arches
the superior rim of the eye socket
supraorbital margins
external shape; a mold for casting; produce a certain shape; to constitute existing elements
form
a visual sensation perceived by the eye and the mind due to the activity and vibration of light
color
What should the restorative artist not conceal?
Moles, warts, scars, and birthmarks
is form and color included in the definition of restorative art?
YES
What is a cavity?
cavity is a hollow place or area
What is the geometric shape of the human skull
OVAL
Muscle that draws the scalp inferiorly & posteriorly to raise the eyebrows, thin sheet; this broad muscle covers the top of the skull. It consists of two parts the occitalis or back part, and the frontalis or front part
Location of the Occipitofrontalis muscle
i. When contracted, this muscle raises the eyebrows
ii. Continual contraction forms: TRANSVERSE FRONTAL SULCI
effect on surface form of the Occipitofrontalis muscle
A broad muscle arising in the temporal cavity and inserting in the mandible; rod, fan shaped muscle; Located along the temporal bone
Location of the Temporalis
The temporalis muscle provides some bulk to the temporal cavity (emaciated case receive tissue builder)
Effect on surface form of the Temporalis
Cheek area; (Bugal) a muscle arising from the zygomatic arch and inserting in the mandible
Location of the Masseter
The masseter muscle provides bulk to the side of the cheek
Effect on surface form of the Masseter
This sphincter muscle surrounds the eye socket
Location of the Orbicularis oculi
the formation of Optic Facial Sulci
Effect on surface form the Orbicularis oculi
a pyramid-shaped muscle of facial expression. This muscle lies beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi; oblique runs from the root of the nose to the upper rim of the eye socket
Location of the Corrugator
the formation of vertical interciliary sulci
Effect on surface form of the Corrugator
A muscle of facial expression that runs from the inside of the eye socket to the superior tarsal plate of the eyelid; thin muscle
Location of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Palpebral Fold; occurs during the aging process
Effect on surface form of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris
narrow, elongated muscle, this muscle covers the bridge of the nose, located on the nasal bones up to the forehead
Location of the Procerus muscle
the formation of trnasverse interciliary sulci
Effect on surface form of the Procerus muscle
a flat band of muscles in the upper and lower red lips and integumentary lips
Location of the Orbicularis Oris
formation of the philtrum
Effect on surface form of the Orbicularis Oris
Extends from the cheekbone to angle of the mouth
location of the Zygomaticus Major
formation of the Angulus Oris Eminence; natural facial marking
effect on surface form of the Zygomaticus Major
The principle muscle of the cheek, orginates in the skin over the molar teeth and inserts into the skin at the anguli oris (corners of the mouth) It makes up part of the angulus oris eminence
Location of the Buccinator
multiple effect; Helps form angulus oris eminence, Bucco-facial Sulcus; Forms lateral wall of the cheek
Effect on surface form of the Buccinator
a muscle of facial expression that arises from the mandible to insert into the anguli oris (corner of the mouth)
Location of the Triangularis
formation of the angulus oris eminence (end of the line of closure)
effect on surface form of the Triangularis
the large muscle from the cheekbone and lower rim of the eyesocket which raises the upper lip; and multiheaded muscle made up with the following 3 muscles:
Location of the Quadratus Labii Superioris
The group of muscles helps form the Nasolabial Sulcus (creese) acquired and can accompany the nasolabial fold
effect on surface form of the Quadratus Labii Superioris
Region of the k-9 teeth area beneath the Quadratus Labii Superioris; a small muscle at the angle of the mouth
location of the Levator Anguli Oris
formation of the Nasolabial Fold
effect on surface form of the Levator Anguli Oris
extends from the skin over the masseter muscles to the corners of the mouth
Location of the Risorius
so superficial nothing noteable
effect on surface form of the Risorius
on the tip of the chin
Location of the Mentalis
it provides anterior projection for the chin (bulk); mental eminence- the prominence of the chin; fibers of the mentalis muscle can cause a depression called dimple if elongated called a cleft if it extends under the chin giving the appearance of two lobes called a bilobated chin
effect on surface form of the Mentalis
sheets of muscle; thin layer of muscle covering the anterior aspect of the neck
Location of the Platysma
- Bucco-facial Sulcus 2. Mandibular Sulcus 3. Serrated Jawline 4. Platysmal Sulci
Mandibular Sulci creating a Serrated Jawline
effect on surface form of the Platysma
a thick muscle that originates from the head of the sternum and clavicle, and inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone
location of the sternocleidomastoid
widest part of the neck- from one belly of the SCM to the other belly of the SCM makes up the widest part of the neck
effect on surface form the the sternocleidomastoid
a double- bellied muscle of the neck, which attaches to the mastoid process and the mandible;
location of the Digastricus
Cords of the neck (it can be very prominent on males)
effect on surface form of the Digastricus
the character lines, wrinkles, grooves, cord of the neck and dimples of the face
Facial Markings
Facial Markings are caused by:
Muscles; (movement, lack of movement, striations, location)
Factors responsible for facial markings
• Age & heredity (DNA) • Environment • Muscle striation & action • Position of the body • Condition of the body Rapid Loss of Weight Pathological Condition (disease) Corpulence (weight gain/obses) Trauma
Neither natural nor acquired facial markings which occur on both sides of the face are truly symmetrical
Asymmetry of facial markings
the termination of all facial markings are?
indefinite
What are the Natural Facial Markings
- Philtrum
- Nasolabial fold
- Nasal sulcus
- Oblique palpebral sulcus
- Angulus oris eminence
- Angulus oris sulcus
- Labiolmental sulcus
- Submental sulcus
- Dimples
the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; extends to the columna nasi in the margin of the red lip (superior mucus membrane); superior integument; lateral margins slightly raised & form an irregular parenthetical curve ( ) greatest depth corosponses with its widest part; can be obscured in old age (not uncommon)
philtrum
from the nose to the lips/ corner of the mouth; emience of the cheek adjacent to the corners of the mouth; extends from the superior part of the posterior margin of the wing of the nose to the side of the mouth elevation is going to vary depending on the amount of tissue in the cheek; Linear Outline of the Nasolabial Fold; 1. Curved ) 2. Straight / 3. Sinuous ~
Nasolabial fold
The angular area between the posterior margins of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold
Nasal Sulcus
the shallow curving groove inferior to the medial corner of the eyelids, moving laterally downward;
Oblique palpebral sulcus
the small convex prominence lateral to the end of the line of lip closure of the mouth; elevation outside and slightly to the corner of the mouth; difficult to see because no defiant borders; essential to facial expression
Angulus oris eminence
the groove at each end of the line of closure of the mouth; size and depth varies; depending on the size of the angulus oris eminence; in youths a triangular depression
Angulus oris sulcus
(lip,chin) the junction of the lower integumentary lip and the superior border of the chin, which may appear as a furrow; highest point is along the mid-line; upside down U shape
Labiolmental sulcus
the junction of the base of chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow; helps create the appearance of a double chin
Subemental sulcus/ furrow
shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin, either round or vertical; chin dimple that is the median line that is enlongated is called a cleft; chin dimple changes less than a cheek dimple
Dimples
if the cleft chin extend downward
Bilobated chin
What are the Acquired Facial Markings
- Nasolabial sulcus
- Transverse frontal sucli
- Interciliary sulci
- Optic facial sulci
- Superior palpebral sulci
- Inferior palpebral sulcus
- Bucco-facial sulcus
- Mandibular sulcus
- Labial sulci
- Platysmal sulci
- Cords of the neck
furrow medial and adjacent to the nasolabial fold. Originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose and extending to the sides of the mouth.
Nasolabial sulcus
the horizontal furrows of the forehead. They vary in depth, curvature, and inclination. Can be continuous or interrupted. Greatest depth is toward the lateral end.
Most common form of transverse frontal sulci is a dip at central plane
Caused by the continual contraction of the occipitofrontalis muscle
Transverse frontal sulci
vertical or transverse in form; these are the furrows between the eyebrows.
Vertical interciliary sulci is caused by the continual contraction of the corrugator muscle
Interciliary sulci
the furrows radiating from the lateral corner so the eyes
Optic facial sulci (crow’s feet)
the furrows of the superior borders of the upper eyelid
Superior palpebral sulci
the furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebra
Inferior palpebral sulcus
The vertical furrow of the cheek
Bucco-facial sulcus
the furrow beneath the jawline, which rises vertically on the cheek
Mandibular sulcus
the vertical furrows of the lips extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lip
Labial sulci (furrows of aging)
the transverse dipping furrows of the neck
Platysmal sulci
Vertical prominences fo the neck; may be long or short
cords of the neck
Wrinkle- a crevice in the skin accompanied by adjacent elevations
Furrow
an enlongated depression in a relatively level plane or surface
Groove
a furrow, a wrinkle, a groove
Sulcus
a prominence or projection of a bone
Eminence
furrow
Wrinkle
an enlongated prominence adjoining a surface
Fold
What are the 4 anatomical structures of the temporal bone used for locating the modeled ear
- External Auditory Meatus
- Zygomatic Arch
- Mandibular Foss
- Mastoid Process
inferior to the Mandibular Fossa
External Auditory Meatus
divides the length of the ear in half (the measurement of one zygomatic arch gives you the wides part of the face)
Zygomatic Arch
Conidial of the mandible articulates in the mandibular fossa (is anterior to the External Auditory Meatus)
Mandibular Fossa
just posterior to the lobe of the ear (Lobe is fatty 1/3)- sternoclediomastiod muscle attaches here.
Mastoid Process
