Restorative Art 1 Flashcards by Abbey Collins

Are muscles paired or single

Both

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Non-anatomical name for Occipitofrontalis muscle

epicranius

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Non-anatomical name for Corrugator

Frowning muscle

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Non-anatomical name for Orbicularis Oris

Puckering muscle

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Non-anatomical name for Zygomaticus Major

Laughing muscle

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Non-anatomical name for Buccinator

Trumpeters muscle

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Non-anatomical name for Triangularis

Depressor anguli oris

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Non-anatomical name for Risorius

False smile muscle

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Non-anatomical name for Depressor Labii Inferiroris

Quadratus muscle

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Muscle function of the Occipitofrontalis muscle

draws the scalp inferiorly & posteriorly to raise the eyebrows

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Muscle function of the Temporalis

a muscle of mastication and is the STRONGEST chewing muscle; assists in side-to-side movement of the mandible & closes the mandible

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Muscle function of the Masseter

to close the mandible and a muscle of mastication

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Muscle function of the Orbicularis Oculi

closes the eyelid when contracted and compresses the lacrimal sac

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Muscle function of the Corrugator

draws the eyebrow inferorily (downward) & medially when contracted

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Muscle function of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris

raises the upper eyelid

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Muscle function of the Procerus muscle

draws skin downward (inferiorly)

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Muscle function of the Orbicularis Oris

closes and puckers the lips, compresses lips against teeth; shapes lips during speech

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Muscle function of the Zygomaticus major

the corner of the mouth is raised when this muscle contracts draws the upper lip posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally as in smiling or laughing

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Muscle function of the Buccinator

compresses the cheek and pulls the corner of the mouth (anguli oris posteriorly) it produces the action of sucking

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Muscle function of the Triangularis

depresses the angle/corner of the mouth

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Muscle function of the Quadratus Labii Superioris

group of muscles that serves to raise the upper lip (sneer)

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Muscle function of the Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi

elevates or raise the upper lip and dilates (flares) the nostrils

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Muscle function of the Levator Labii Superioris

elevates and extends the upper lip

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Muscle function of the Zygomaticus minor

draws the superior lip superiorly and laterally

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Muscle function of the Levator Anguli Oris

lift/ elevates the angle of the mouth

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Muscle function of the Risorius

draws corners of mouth outward or laterally; retracts the angle of the mouth

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Muscle function of the Depressor Labii Inferioris

depresses/ draws the lower lip inferiorly and slightly laterally

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Muscle function of the Mentalis

elevates and protrudes the lower lip; it also wrinkles the skin over the chin area

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Muscle function of the Platysma

fills up the space in the neck; depresses mandible & lower lip wrinkles the skin of the neck and chest; it also depresses the mandible and anguli oris as in Pouting

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Muscle function of the Sternocleidomastoid

rotate the head; help to depress the head or lower the head

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Muscle function of the Digastricus

draws the hyoid bone superiorly; helps manipulate the tongue import for speech

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What are the External Facial Bones?

Nasal Bones (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible (1)

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What is the muscle of the cranium?

Occipitofrontalis muscle

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What are the muscles of mastifcation (chewing)?

Temporalis (2)

2. Masseter (2)

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Which muscle of mastifcation is the strongest?

Temporalis

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What are the muscles of facial expression?

Orbicularis Oculi
Corrugator
Levator Palpebrae Superioris

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What is the muscle of the Nose?

Procerus muscle

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What are the muscles of the Mouth?

Orbicularis Oris
Zygomaticus Major
Buccinator
Triangularis

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What are the muscles of the mouth & anterior cheek?

Quadratus Labii Superioris
Levator Anguli Oris
Risorius
Depressor Labii Inferioris
Mentalis

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What are the muscles of the neck?

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Digastricus

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What muscles make up the Quadratus Labii Superioris?

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
Levator Labii Superioris
Zygomaticus Minor

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What part of the face is the center of expression?

The Mouth

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What are the muscles of mastication?

Temporalis & Masseter

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The small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates, just anterior to the external auditory meatus; forms the temporal mandibular join (TMJ)

Mandibular fossa

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the prominence at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone

Occipital Protuberance

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lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain

Occipital Bone

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two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull

Parietal bones

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the vertical surface of the temporal bone

Squama

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What is the wides part of the cranium?

The Parietal Eminence

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the processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; determines the widest part of the face

Zygomatic arch

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one of the lesser concavities of the face located on the lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch

Zygomatic arch depression

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bones of the cheeks; diamond shaped; convex surface which moves in the anterior & lateral plane from the center portion of the bone

Zygomatic bones

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Inferior to the mandibular fossa

Meatus

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What is the widest part of the neck?

from one sternocleidomastoid muscle to the other

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What is the widest part of the face?

Zygomatic bones

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a rounded prominence at the end of a bone forming an articulation; the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible

condyle

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the ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw

Frontal Process of the Maxilla

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the four teeth located anteriorly from the midline on each jaw; used for cutting

Incisor teeth

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the inferior border of the mandible

Jawline

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triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible

Mental Eminence

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a paired bone with several processes that form the skeletal base of most of the superior face, roof of the mouth, sides of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbit

Maxilla

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the depression between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth

Incisive Fossa

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shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin in a rounded or vertical form; one of the NATURAL facial markings

Dimples

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directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior poriton of the nasal cavity

Nasal bones

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Can facial markings be Natural or Acquired?

Both

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Wrinkles run _______________ to muscle fibers

transverse

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are wrinkles more prominent on a male or female?

MALE

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what moves in an inferior direction and also moves in a posterior direction?

gravitational pull

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the point of muscle attachment which moves the least, beginning of muscles contraction

Origin

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the point of muscle attachment, which moves the most

Insertion

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furrows which cross the forehead; acquired

Transverse frontal sulci

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crows feet; the furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye; acquired facial markings

Optic Facial Sulci

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furrow between the eyebrows; can run vertical or transverse; acquired

Interciliary sulci

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along inferior margin of the upper eyelid

Superior tarsal

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if difficult to close the eyes when setting features; you can cut this muscle to help aid in the closing

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

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the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; a natural facial marking

Philtrum

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the small convex prominence found lateral to the end of the line of closure of the mouth; natural facial marking

Angulus Oris Emience

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the vertical furrow of the cheek; acquired

Bucco-facial sulcus

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the sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity

Nasal spine of the maxilla

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the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear

Mastoid process

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the lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone

Zygomaticofrontal process

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those that are present at birth, hereditary

Natural Facial Markings

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facial markings that develop during one’s lifetime, primarily as a result of repetitious use of certain muscles

Acquired Facial Markings

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the transverse, dipping furrow of the neck; acquired

Platysmal sulci

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that part of the face above the eyes

Forehead

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those requiring a long period of time, are extensive, required advanced technical skill, and expressed written consent to perform

Major restoration

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those requiring a minimum effort, skill, or time to complete

Minor restoration

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the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color

Restorative art

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treatments of a restorative nature performed during the embalming operation

Concurrent (during)

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treatments of restorative nature performed before the embalming operation

Pre-embalming

treatments of restorative nature performed after the embalming operation

Post-embalming

lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion

Asymmetry

correspondence in size, shape and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face

Symmetry

the side view of the human head

Profile view

Anterior; the anterior view of the face or features

Frontal view

in reference to a photograph, a view which reveals the fullness of the cheeks

Three-Quarters view

the process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic decomposition, and to restore an acceptable physical appearance

Embalming

two sides

Bilateral

dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object

Bilateral differences

the bilateral view; an inferior or superior viewpoint which permits the comparison of the two sides or halves of an object or facial feature

Bilateral silhouette

exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface, a concavity

concave

curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere

convex

the study of the structures and surface marking os the face and features

physiognomy

an electrically-heated blade used to dry moist tissues, reduce swollen tissues, and restore contour to natural form, this is used during post-embalming

electric spatula

the topmost part of the head

Crown/ Vertex

weight applied to a surface

External pressure

the vertical surface of the temporal bone

Squama

inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bone and anterior to the occipital bone

Temporal bones

the concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone

temporal cavity

two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull

parietal bones

the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones; determines the widest part of the cranium

Parietal eminence

an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes from the brain

foramen magnum

the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear

mastoid process

the body is erect, feet together, palms facing forward, upper limbs are at the sides with thumbs pointed away from the body

Anatomical position

towards the head;

superior

towards the front

Anterior (ventral)

towards the feet, lower in position

inferior

towards the rear or caudal end

posterior (dorsal)

towards the midline

medial

towards the side, away from midline

lateral

a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings

projection

the withdrawal of a part from its normal position

recession

a hollow or concave region

depression

the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting

protrusion

slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical

inclination

the eyes are ______________ to the mouth

superior

the chest is ___________ to the neck

inferior

the frontal bone is ___________ to the occipital bone

anterior (ventral)

the occipital bone is ___________ to the frontal bone

posterior (dorsal)

to observe the relative locations and arrangements of internal parts, it is necessary to cut or section the body along various planes

body planes

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT portions

Median (sagittal) plane

if the right and left divisions is into two equal halves it is called what?

median or mid-sagittal

divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom)

Horizontal (transverse) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)

frontal (coronal) plane

a state or degree of being deep

depth

a prominence or projection of a bone

Eminence

the most common characteristics of each feature; typical, common, average

Norm

after death

Post-mortem

a single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches in the inferior part of the frontal bone above the root of the nose

Glabella

the anterior third of the cranium, forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull

Frontal bone

paired, rounded, unmargined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline

Frontal eminences

the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows

superciliary arches

the superior rim of the eye socket

supraorbital margins

external shape; a mold for casting; produce a certain shape; to constitute existing elements

form

a visual sensation perceived by the eye and the mind due to the activity and vibration of light

color

What should the restorative artist not conceal?

Moles, warts, scars, and birthmarks

is form and color included in the definition of restorative art?

YES

What is a cavity?

cavity is a hollow place or area

What is the geometric shape of the human skull

OVAL

Muscle that draws the scalp inferiorly & posteriorly to raise the eyebrows, thin sheet; this broad muscle covers the top of the skull. It consists of two parts the occitalis or back part, and the frontalis or front part

Location of the Occipitofrontalis muscle

i. When contracted, this muscle raises the eyebrows

ii. Continual contraction forms: TRANSVERSE FRONTAL SULCI

effect on surface form of the Occipitofrontalis muscle

A broad muscle arising in the temporal cavity and inserting in the mandible; rod, fan shaped muscle; Located along the temporal bone

Location of the Temporalis

The temporalis muscle provides some bulk to the temporal cavity (emaciated case receive tissue builder)

Effect on surface form of the Temporalis

Cheek area; (Bugal) a muscle arising from the zygomatic arch and inserting in the mandible

Location of the Masseter

The masseter muscle provides bulk to the side of the cheek

Effect on surface form of the Masseter

This sphincter muscle surrounds the eye socket

Location of the Orbicularis oculi

the formation of Optic Facial Sulci

Effect on surface form the Orbicularis oculi

a pyramid-shaped muscle of facial expression. This muscle lies beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi; oblique runs from the root of the nose to the upper rim of the eye socket

Location of the Corrugator

the formation of vertical interciliary sulci

Effect on surface form of the Corrugator

A muscle of facial expression that runs from the inside of the eye socket to the superior tarsal plate of the eyelid; thin muscle

Location of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Palpebral Fold; occurs during the aging process

Effect on surface form of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris

narrow, elongated muscle, this muscle covers the bridge of the nose, located on the nasal bones up to the forehead

Location of the Procerus muscle

the formation of trnasverse interciliary sulci

Effect on surface form of the Procerus muscle

a flat band of muscles in the upper and lower red lips and integumentary lips

Location of the Orbicularis Oris

formation of the philtrum

Effect on surface form of the Orbicularis Oris

Extends from the cheekbone to angle of the mouth

location of the Zygomaticus Major

formation of the Angulus Oris Eminence; natural facial marking

effect on surface form of the Zygomaticus Major

The principle muscle of the cheek, orginates in the skin over the molar teeth and inserts into the skin at the anguli oris (corners of the mouth) It makes up part of the angulus oris eminence

Location of the Buccinator

multiple effect; Helps form angulus oris eminence, Bucco-facial Sulcus; Forms lateral wall of the cheek

Effect on surface form of the Buccinator

a muscle of facial expression that arises from the mandible to insert into the anguli oris (corner of the mouth)

Location of the Triangularis

formation of the angulus oris eminence (end of the line of closure)

effect on surface form of the Triangularis

the large muscle from the cheekbone and lower rim of the eyesocket which raises the upper lip; and multiheaded muscle made up with the following 3 muscles:

Location of the Quadratus Labii Superioris

The group of muscles helps form the Nasolabial Sulcus (creese) acquired and can accompany the nasolabial fold

effect on surface form of the Quadratus Labii Superioris

Region of the k-9 teeth area beneath the Quadratus Labii Superioris; a small muscle at the angle of the mouth

location of the Levator Anguli Oris

formation of the Nasolabial Fold

effect on surface form of the Levator Anguli Oris

extends from the skin over the masseter muscles to the corners of the mouth

Location of the Risorius

so superficial nothing noteable

effect on surface form of the Risorius

on the tip of the chin

Location of the Mentalis

it provides anterior projection for the chin (bulk); mental eminence- the prominence of the chin; fibers of the mentalis muscle can cause a depression called dimple if elongated called a cleft if it extends under the chin giving the appearance of two lobes called a bilobated chin

effect on surface form of the Mentalis

sheets of muscle; thin layer of muscle covering the anterior aspect of the neck

Location of the Platysma

Bucco-facial Sulcus 2. Mandibular Sulcus 3. Serrated Jawline 4. Platysmal Sulci
Mandibular Sulci creating a Serrated Jawline

effect on surface form of the Platysma

a thick muscle that originates from the head of the sternum and clavicle, and inserts at the mastoid process of the temporal bone

location of the sternocleidomastoid

widest part of the neck- from one belly of the SCM to the other belly of the SCM makes up the widest part of the neck

effect on surface form the the sternocleidomastoid

a double- bellied muscle of the neck, which attaches to the mastoid process and the mandible;

location of the Digastricus

Cords of the neck (it can be very prominent on males)

effect on surface form of the Digastricus

the character lines, wrinkles, grooves, cord of the neck and dimples of the face

Facial Markings

Facial Markings are caused by:

Muscles; (movement, lack of movement, striations, location)

Factors responsible for facial markings

•	Age & heredity (DNA)
•	Environment
•	Muscle striation & action
•	Position of the body
•	Condition of the body
	      Rapid Loss of Weight
	      Pathological Condition (disease)
	     Corpulence (weight gain/obses)
	       Trauma

Neither natural nor acquired facial markings which occur on both sides of the face are truly symmetrical

Asymmetry of facial markings

the termination of all facial markings are?

indefinite

What are the Natural Facial Markings

Philtrum
Nasolabial fold
Nasal sulcus
Oblique palpebral sulcus
Angulus oris eminence
Angulus oris sulcus
Labiolmental sulcus
Submental sulcus
Dimples

the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; extends to the columna nasi in the margin of the red lip (superior mucus membrane); superior integument; lateral margins slightly raised & form an irregular parenthetical curve ( ) greatest depth corosponses with its widest part; can be obscured in old age (not uncommon)

philtrum

from the nose to the lips/ corner of the mouth; emience of the cheek adjacent to the corners of the mouth; extends from the superior part of the posterior margin of the wing of the nose to the side of the mouth elevation is going to vary depending on the amount of tissue in the cheek; Linear Outline of the Nasolabial Fold; 1. Curved ) 2. Straight / 3. Sinuous ~

Nasolabial fold

The angular area between the posterior margins of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold

Nasal Sulcus

the shallow curving groove inferior to the medial corner of the eyelids, moving laterally downward;

Oblique palpebral sulcus

the small convex prominence lateral to the end of the line of lip closure of the mouth; elevation outside and slightly to the corner of the mouth; difficult to see because no defiant borders; essential to facial expression

Angulus oris eminence

the groove at each end of the line of closure of the mouth; size and depth varies; depending on the size of the angulus oris eminence; in youths a triangular depression

Angulus oris sulcus

(lip,chin) the junction of the lower integumentary lip and the superior border of the chin, which may appear as a furrow; highest point is along the mid-line; upside down U shape

Labiolmental sulcus

the junction of the base of chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow; helps create the appearance of a double chin

Subemental sulcus/ furrow

shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin, either round or vertical; chin dimple that is the median line that is enlongated is called a cleft; chin dimple changes less than a cheek dimple

Dimples

if the cleft chin extend downward

Bilobated chin

What are the Acquired Facial Markings

Nasolabial sulcus
Transverse frontal sucli
Interciliary sulci
Optic facial sulci
Superior palpebral sulci
Inferior palpebral sulcus
Bucco-facial sulcus
Mandibular sulcus
Labial sulci
Platysmal sulci
Cords of the neck

furrow medial and adjacent to the nasolabial fold. Originating at the superior border of the wing of the nose and extending to the sides of the mouth.

Nasolabial sulcus

the horizontal furrows of the forehead. They vary in depth, curvature, and inclination. Can be continuous or interrupted. Greatest depth is toward the lateral end.
Most common form of transverse frontal sulci is a dip at central plane
Caused by the continual contraction of the occipitofrontalis muscle

Transverse frontal sulci

vertical or transverse in form; these are the furrows between the eyebrows.
Vertical interciliary sulci is caused by the continual contraction of the corrugator muscle

Interciliary sulci

the furrows radiating from the lateral corner so the eyes

Optic facial sulci (crow’s feet)

the furrows of the superior borders of the upper eyelid

Superior palpebral sulci

the furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebra

Inferior palpebral sulcus

The vertical furrow of the cheek

Bucco-facial sulcus

the furrow beneath the jawline, which rises vertically on the cheek

Mandibular sulcus

the vertical furrows of the lips extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lip

Labial sulci (furrows of aging)

the transverse dipping furrows of the neck

Platysmal sulci

Vertical prominences fo the neck; may be long or short

cords of the neck

Wrinkle- a crevice in the skin accompanied by adjacent elevations

Furrow

an enlongated depression in a relatively level plane or surface

Groove

a furrow, a wrinkle, a groove

Sulcus

a prominence or projection of a bone

Eminence

furrow

Wrinkle

an enlongated prominence adjoining a surface

Fold

What are the 4 anatomical structures of the temporal bone used for locating the modeled ear

External Auditory Meatus
Zygomatic Arch
Mandibular Foss
Mastoid Process

inferior to the Mandibular Fossa

External Auditory Meatus

divides the length of the ear in half (the measurement of one zygomatic arch gives you the wides part of the face)

Zygomatic Arch

Conidial of the mandible articulates in the mandibular fossa (is anterior to the External Auditory Meatus)

Mandibular Fossa

just posterior to the lobe of the ear (Lobe is fatty 1/3)- sternoclediomastiod muscle attaches here.

Mastoid Process

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Restorative Art 1 Flashcards

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