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History > Restoration England > Flashcards

Restoration England Flashcards

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1
Q

Which gift did Charles receive from the family of Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza after marrying her?

A

Bombay

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2
Q

Who did Charles rent Bombay too despite the fact it was in good position for trade?

A

The East India Company

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3
Q

What made Bombay not very nice and a dangerous place to live?

A

Climate and swamps, many dying of diseases and infections and constant threat of fighting

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4
Q

What did The East India Company buy and sell to Britain, British Colonies, Portugal and China?

A

Silk and Spices

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5
Q

Why could Britain dominate the spice market?

A

They had control in Asia

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6
Q

What were the benefits to Britain being in control in Asia?

A

People in Britain made a fortune and it played a key role in the growth of the empire over the following 100 years.

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7
Q

What was also part of Catherine of Brangaza’s parent’s wedding gift to Charles?

A

Tangier

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8
Q

How was Tangier like Bombay to Charles?

A

It was in a perfect place but not very useful

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9
Q

Where is Tangier?

A

Morocco

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10
Q

What same problems did Britain face with the Moroccans like the Portuguese?

A

Fights and attacks as they wanted their city back

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11
Q

How many soldiers did it take to keep Tangier safe?

A

4000

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12
Q

Why did 4000 soldiers seem a lot to keep Tangier safe?

A

There was only 600 people living there

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13
Q

What was Tangier hoped to become?

A

A key place for buying and selling silk, spices, cotton and wine from the Middle East

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14
Q

What belonging to the English could be dealt with in Tangier?

A

Wool and goods from the Atlantic as well as buying and selling

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15
Q

Why were the people in Tangier cooped up?

A

It was a walled city and it was dangerous to go outside of the walls

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16
Q

How much was Tangier costing to run by 1676?

A

£75,000 a year

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17
Q

Why and when did Charles order Tangier to be left?

A

1683 as it was costing too much to run

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18
Q

How did Britain aim to run their colonies in America?

A

In a more successful was than their European rivals

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19
Q

Who was it decided British Colonies were allowed to trade with?

A

Britain or each other

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20
Q

Where was England able to take control over in 1664?

A

The Dutch Colony of New Amsterdam

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21
Q

Who did Charles II give The Dutch Colony of Amsterdam to?

A

His brother, James The Duke of York

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22
Q

What did James The Duke of York name The Dutch Colony of New Amsterdam?

A

New York

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23
Q

What was created when Charles II brother James gave some land to a friend?

A

New Jersey, a vital port Britain was then able to have control over

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24
Q

Which colony was found in 1663?

A

Carolina

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25
Q

What did Carolina’s land allow to be grown and become a key asset of England?

A

Rice

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26
Q

Which trade business was created in 1668 that was a great opportunity?

A

The Hudson Bay Company

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27
Q

What did The Hudson Bay Company trade?

A

Beaver fur

28
Q

Where had been captured by the Spanish like South America in the 16th century?

A

The Caribbean

29
Q

Which countries were in a competition for the Caribbean?

A

Britain, France and Spain

30
Q

What did Pirates do instead of having full scale battles?

A

Raided each other’s ports, stealing what they could and causing as much damage as possible to their rival’s ships

31
Q

Who was the most famous English pirate?

A

Henry Morgan

32
Q

What was Henry Morgan seen as?

A

A hero by the English and a criminal by the Spanish.

33
Q

What was happening between England, France and Spain with the Caribbean by the time Charles II came to the throne?

A

The Spanish had began to lose interest by Henry Morgan was still attacking the French and Spanish

34
Q

What was the main significance of the Caribbean?

A

Sugar

35
Q

Where was sugar grown and shipped to?

A

Sugarcane was grown on huge plantations and shipped back to England

36
Q

How did the Caribbean’s sugar help the people of England?

A

People in England made a lot of money from sugar as it was becoming increasingly popular

37
Q

Navigation Acts: What was the idea of passing laws?

A

To keep all trade within British territories

38
Q

When were the Navigation Acts first introduced?

A

First introduced in 1651 but firmly established during the Restoration

39
Q

How much of a crew needed to be British?

A

At least three quarters

40
Q

What were the only ships that could transfer goods between the colonies and Britain?

A

British ships

41
Q

Where could good such as sugar, tobacco and cotton only go to?

A

Britain and it’s colonies

42
Q

In terms of taxes, what happened in 1663?

A

All goods had to go via Britain to be taxed and colonies had to buy all of their manufactured goods in Britain

43
Q

What did the 1673 act ban?

A

Direct trading of raw materials between colonies

44
Q

Where was the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa given the right to trade?

A

West Africa

45
Q

Who set up the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa?

A

Charles II and led by his brother

46
Q

What was the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa initially going to trade?

A

Gold but the company fell into debt and was relaunched as the Royal African Company with a new charter in 1672

47
Q

What did the Royal African Company recognise the need 1680?

A

Slave labour

48
Q

What was the Royal African Company transporting yearly across the Atlantic Ocean in America?

A

Around 500 slaves

49
Q

What was in the bible and was saw by many Europeans as the ‘natural order of things’?

A

Slavery

50
Q

To the European businessmen was saw as another product to be bought and sold?

A

Slaves

51
Q

Which trade did slaves become a key part of?

A

The English trade

52
Q

What were the two main causes of the second Dutch war?

A

Started in 1665 after James, Duke of York wanted to increase trade for England and capture treasures from Dutch ships. England attacked Dutch slave trading posts in Africa and when England captured New Amsterdam (New York)

53
Q

What were the main events of the second Dutch war?

A

Dutch attacked large group of English ships first. England hit back with attack led by Duke of York. 13th June 1665, BATTLE OF LOWESTOFT (in the North Sea off the coast of Suffolk).

54
Q

What happened at the Battle of Lowestoft?(13th June 1665)

A

Dutch attacked but English ships of line were too strong, Dutch lost 32 ships, English only lost 1

55
Q

What happened after the Battle of Lowestoft?(13th June 1665)

A

Dutch sailed away, English failed to catch them allowing Dutch to escape and re-build their fleet. Dutch then started to use ‘line ahead’ strategy too

56
Q

What did King Charles decide weeks after June 1665?

A

That sea battles like Battle of Lowestoft were too risky for his brother James so replaced him with Edward Montague (Earl of Sandwich).

57
Q

What did Earl of Sandwich do?

A

Tried to attack Dutch ships in port of Bergen but was pounded by Dutch cannon from the forts.He then left to go to Oxford to tell the King what happened

58
Q

What happened in October 1665?

A

Dutch appeared in the Channel and chased/ harassed English merchant ships. Earl of Sandwich too busy with King to take command, Earl was sacked

59
Q

After October 1665,who was given role of English naval commander and replaced Earl of Sandwich?

A

General Monck

60
Q

Who joined the war in January 1666?

A

The French

61
Q

Which side of the war did the French take?

A

The Dutch, distracted the English and allowed Dutch to build more ships and prepare for battle

62
Q

What happened between 1st and 4th June 1666?

A

One of the longest sea battles ever fought, the ‘Four Days Battle’, in the English channel. Terrible defeat for English. Monck attacked Dutch ships without using ‘Line Ahead’ strategy. English lost 20 ships and Dutch blockaded the Thames temporarily

63
Q

What happened after the ‘Four Days Battle’?

A

English dockyards quickly re-fitted English navy, then won the battles of St James Day and Holmes’s Bonfire 25th June - 6th July. Battle of North Foreland 25th July then broke through Dutch blockade of Thames.

64
Q

What happened in August 1666?

A

Charles started peace negotiations with Dutch

65
Q

What was happening by the end of 1666?

A

English navy running out of money, due to lack of taxes-plague and fire of London, so Charles kept fleet in dock, giving Dutch free hand in the Channel. Dutch then found the money to build 40 new ships

66
Q

What happened in June 1667?

A

Dutch raided the River Medway, feeds into Thames/main area for transporting good to and from London. Medway was poorly defended. (Forts around it weren’t all finished and big chain used to defend could be blown up with a fire ship. Dutch ships got as close as 20 miles away from London, smashed chain and blockaded Thames. 13 English ships captured/destroyed and Dutch left 14th June.

67
Q

What were the consequences of war?

A

After Medway, Charles was humiliated and war ended when he signed the Treaty of Breda on 21st July 1667 which gave Dutch access to large areas trade routes, but England kept New York. Lord Clarendon lost his job as Chief Minister.

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