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Community Ecology > Restoration > Flashcards

Restoration Flashcards

1
Q

Define Restoration.

A

Returning a system to a close approximation of its condition prior to its disturbance, with both the structure and function of the system recreated.

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2
Q

Define Restoration ecology ?

A

The study of how to repair anthropogenic damage to the integrity of ecological systems

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3
Q

On what level does restoration occur ?

A

On a community level

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4
Q

What does restoration require ?

A

Restoration of key linkages and trophic levels

Removal of alien species

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5
Q

What is the most damaged and invaded ecosystem in the world ?

A

New Zealand

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6
Q

What are New Zealand world leaders in ?

A

Reintroduction

Occurs mainly on the offshore islands to begin with

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7
Q

What are the living dead ?

A

When the last few remaining individuals do not form a viable population, (2 males left)
No means of saving them.

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8
Q

What is Rewilding ?

A

Restoration of wilderness areas by protection or reintroduction of apex predators and keystone species.

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9
Q

What are the advantage of restoration ?

A

Restores ecosystem to working service
Improves water quality
Harvestable population (Fish or game)
Aesthetic Value

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10
Q

Restoration decisions are based on…

A

Economic, Social and political factors

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11
Q

List the 3 challenged of restoration ecology.

A

The fuzzy target problem
The moving target problem
The experimental design problem

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12
Q

What is the fuzzy target problem ?

A

We do not know the end target of the population, making it difficult to know when the population has been fully restored.

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13
Q

How can we find a solution to the fuzzy target population ?

A

Use of reference sites (nearby communities that we can aim for)
Nowadays we use food webs to quantify restoration

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14
Q

What is the moving target problem ?

A

Communities are dynamic, not static, They change even in the absence of manmade disturbances.

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15
Q

What is the experimental design problem ?

A

The lack of scientific control, statistics and replication in restoration

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16
Q

Give past problems with restoration ecology.

A

No development of general theory
No transfer or methodologies between restorers.
No measure of the persistence and resilience of the restored system
No monitoring of function in the restored system (hydraulics, rather than species)

17
Q

What are ecosystem services ?

A

Goods and services provided for free by the environment

18
Q

List the 4 broad groups of ecosystem service

A

Production- Food, water
Regulation- control of climate and disease
Supporting- Nutrient cycles
Cultural- Tourism

19
Q

Why do we use a community approach to study ecosystem services ?

A

Enables us to see the links between species in a community
Focus on interactions can form the basis of sustainable practices (agriculture, pest control)
Enables measure of robustness and reliance of service.

20
Q

Why do mutations in strawberries occur ?

A

They have been incorrectly pollinated

Seeds are unfertilised and the flesh has not swelled sufficiently.

21
Q

Give the 2 means of rectifying incorrect pollination on a farm, Include pros and cons.

A

Pollinators brought in (bees in a box)
Expensive, not robust or reliable

Encourage natural pollinators
Free, Benefits environment, robust and reliable.

22
Q

Where is the most biodiversity found in the UK ?

A

On farmland

23
Q

What are indicator species ?

A

Species (birds, mammals, reptiles, insects) which are indicators of the state of the community

24
Q

What are the issues with using indicator species ?

A

They do not provide the data needed

Do not show how species interact

25
Q

What is the aim of restoration ecology ?

A

To restore and maintain ecosystem services on farms

26
Q

Do organic farms have better natural pest control than conventional farms ?

A

Experiment found no difference in pest control, probably as in south west
Would be a larger difference between intensive farming and conventional

27
Q

Describe how the ecosystem can act as a natural water filtration system

A

Soils, roots & microrg, break down contaminates
Wetlands trap heavy metals and sediments
Aquatic plants absorb 50% of nutrients
Reservoirs sink the sediment to the bottom
Remove fertiliser and nitrogen

28
Q

Give an example of a water shed outside New York.

A

Catskill and Delaware

29
Q

Why do natural water filtration systems come under pressure ?

A

Industrialisation of farming
Increased stock density
Human sewage

30
Q

Give the benefits of conserving a natural water system.

A

Saves money
Trees worth more than timber, filtration
Land has financial value other than to build and farm
Ecosystems can now be quantified (benefits seen in data)

Community Ecology (6 decks)

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