Restless Earth

Question 1

The four structures of the earth

Answer 1

Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust

Question 2

Three type of plate margins

Answer 2

Destructive margins
Constructive margins
Conservative margins

Question 3

Destructive margin formation

Answer 3

Oceanic plate meets a continental plate
Denser plate is forced down and destroyed
Creates volcanos and ocean trenches

Question 4

Constructive margin formation

Answer 4

Where two plates are moving away from each other

Magma rises from the mantle to fill gap and cools

Question 5

Conservative margin formation

Answer 5

Where two plates are moving sides ways past each other
OR
Moving in the same direction but different speeds
Crust isn’t created or destroyed

Question 6

Formation of a fold mountain

Answer 6

Where tectonic plates collide the sedimentary rocks that have built up between them are folded and forced upwards
Happen at destructive plate margins

Question 7

Uses of fold mountains

Answer 7

Farming- lower slopes are used to grow crops and steep slopes for terraced to make growing crops easier
HEP- steep sided mountains and ohh lakes make fold mountains ideal for generating hydroelectric power
Mining- these mountains contain metal ores and zig zag roads have been put in place in the sides to get to them
Tourism- used for skiing and snowboarding etc in winter and walkers come for the scenery in summer

Question 8

Fold mountain case study

Answer 8

The Alps
12 million people
Collision of Africa and European plate

Question 9

How people have adapted to the conditions in the Alps

Answer 9

Steep relief- goats are farmed to live in steep mountains and well adapted
Poor soils- animals graze in most high areas as the soil isn’t good for growing crops
Limited communications- roads have been built over passes and tunnels for when roads are blocked by snow

Question 10

Where are volcanos found?

Answer 10

Destructive plate margins where the oceanic plate goes under he continental plate as it is more dense
OR
Constructive margins where magma rises up into the gap created by plates moving a part foaming a volcano

Question 11

What are the different types of volcanos ?

Answer 11

Composite volcanoes

Shield volcanoes

Question 12

The features of a composite volcano

Answer 12

Steep sided
Layers of ash
Layers of lava
Vent

Question 13

The features of a shield volcano

Answer 13

Low and flat
Runny lava
Layers of lava

Question 14

How do scientists try to predict volcanic eruptions in advance?

Answer 14

Tiny earthquakes
Escaping gas
Changes in the shape of the volcano (bulges)

Question 15

Volcanic eruption case study

Answer 15

Montserrat
1997
19 killed
Above a destructive plate margin where the Atlantic plate is being forced under the Caribbean plate

Question 16

Primary and secondary impacts of Montserrat

Answer 16

Primary- large areas covered with volcanic material, pyroclastic flows ruining homes,vegetation destroyed and 19 people died
Secondary impacts- fires destined buildings, population declined, volcanic ash improved soil fertility

Question 17

Immediate and long term responses of Montserrat

Answer 17

Immediate- people were evacuated to safe areas, shelters were built, temporary infrastructure built (roads)
Long wrk responses- a risk map to key people know where the exclusion zone is, the UK provided £41 billion, an observatory has been set up to try predict

Question 18

What are supervolcanoes?

Answer 18

Much bigger than the standard volcano which develop at destructive plate margins or over the mantle (Yellowstone National Park)

Question 19

Characteristics of a supervolcano

Answer 19

Flat
Cover a large area
Have a caldera

Question 20

Consequences of a supervolcano

Answer 20

Thousands of cubic kilometres of rock and ash and laver
A thick cloud of super hated gas and ash which kills people, burns etc
A blackout from has
The ash burning fields and buildings

Question 21

Where do earthquakes occur?

Answer 21

Destructive margins
Constructive margins
Conservative margins

Question 22

How can earthquakes be measured?

Answer 22

The Richter scale- measures the amount of energy released by a seismometer
The Mercalli scale- measures effects of an earthquake by asking eyewitnesses

Question 23

What are the primary and secondary effects of an earthquake?

Answer 23

Primary- deaths, injuries, damaged or destroyed buildings

Secondly- landslides, blocked roads, diseases spread from lack of clean water, aftershocks, fires, broken pipes

Question 24

What is the case study for tsunamis?

Answer 24

Japan

2011