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Geography xx > Restless earth > Flashcards

Restless earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens on a constructive plate boundary?

A

Two plates move apart

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2
Q

An example of a constructive plate boundary

A

Mid-Atlantic ridge

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3
Q

Constructive plate boundary - violence, lava and earthquakes?

A

Yes they do have earthquakes and gentle strength activity and runny, basic lava.

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4
Q

What happens on a destructive plate boundary?

A

One plate is subducted under another plate. The oceanic plate subducts under another the continental plate.

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5
Q

Example of a destructive plate boundary

A

The Pacific ring of fire or the Nazca plate is forced under the South American plate

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6
Q

Destructive plate boundary - violence, lava and earthquakes?

A

Yes it is violent and has very thick lava. Earthquakes also occur here.

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7
Q

What happens at a collision plate boundary?

A

The two plates move together

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8
Q

Example of a collision plate boundary

A

The Himalayas

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9
Q

Collision plate boundary - violence, lava and earthquakes?

A

They are violent, they have earthquakes however no volcanos are formed

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10
Q

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates slide past each other at different speeds

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11
Q

An example of a conservative plate boundary

A

San Andreas fault

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12
Q

Conservative plate boundary - violence, lava and earthquakes?

A

They are violent, they have earthquakes however volcanoes are not formed

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13
Q

Plate tectonics

A

The earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into large pieces called tectonic plates. These are constantly moving at a few centimetres each year.

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14
Q

Examples of tectonic plates

A

North American plate, African plate, Eurasian plate, Antartica plate, Pacific plate

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15
Q

What causes plate movement?

A

Convection currents in the mantle are where magma circulates. They are driven by the heat of the core called radioactive decay. The hot magma rises causing the plates on the crust to move.

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16
Q

What is a vent?

A

An opening through which lava flows.

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17
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock from deep within the earth.

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18
Q

What is lava?

A

Molten magma when it erupts from the surface.

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19
Q

What is a crater?

A

The hollow at the mouth of the volcano.

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20
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

A hot avalanche of gas, ash, cinders and rocks that rush down the slopes of a volcano after an explosive eruption.

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21
Q

What is a lahar (mud flow)?

A

Water mixed with volcanic ash.

22
Q

What is the continental shelf?

A

The continental shelf is an area of seabed where the sea is relatively shallow.

23
Q

Who is Alfred Wegner?

A

A German scientist who had the theory of the continental drift which was the theory that the continents are slowly drifting around the earth. He believed that a long time ago there was a super continent called Pangea and that over time the continents have drifted apart.

24
Q

Shield volcano features

A

Wide base, flat sides, basic lava, little violence, made of lava, constructive plate margin, regular eruptions

25
Q

Composite volcano features

A

Narrow base, steep sides, acid lava, irregular eruptions, alternate layers of ash and lava, violent, destructive plate margin

26
Q

Advantages of living near a volcano

A

Minerals, fertile soil, hot springs for bathing, heat used to generate electricity, mud for skincare, builds new land, gold, copper, zinc, tourism…

27
Q

Disadvantages of living near a volcano

A

Destruction of vegetation and wildlife, severe injury, people living in fear, houses ruined by lahars, dangerous gases, diseases, fire, death…

28
Q

Preparing for a volcanic eruption

A
  • good communication system to alert locals
  • emergency services ready to deal with the eruption
  • emergency supply of basic provisions e.g. Water, food, tent
  • ready to evacuate residents with a clear plan in mind e.g. Routes
  • creating an exclusion zone around the volcano with strict access
29
Q

Method of prediction 1

A

Thermal imaging cameras to see heat inside of volcanos whilst keep researchers out of harms way and map and track active lava flows to predict if a volcano is going to erupt.

30
Q

Method of prediction 2

A

The use of aircraft flying over the volcano because scientists can measure gas given off by the volcano.

31
Q

Method of prediction 3

A

Tiltmeters are used to detect swelling of the volcano because as the volcano fills up with magma and gets ready to erupt, it can bulge.

32
Q

Method of prediction 4

A

Boreholes measure water temperature because as magma rises nearer to the surface it heats up the water.

33
Q

Method of prediction 5

A

A tunnel in the volcano has seismometers because these instruments monitor earthquakes which increase as magma rises.

34
Q

Oceanic crust

A

A thin crust, goes under the continental crust, 6km thick, top layer, under the ocean, heavy

35
Q

Continental crust

A

A thick layer, 25-70km thick, light, forms land

36
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust and upper most solid mantle

37
Q

Mantle

A

500-900 degrees Celsius, liquid, asthenosphere

38
Q

Outer core

A

2,900-5100km, liquid, 4400-6000 degrees Celsius

39
Q

Inner core

A

Over 6000 degrees Celsius, solid due to the immense pressure from other parts of the planet, stops the iron from melting

40
Q

Epicentre

A

The point of the earth’s surface directly above the focus.

41
Q

Shock waves

A

Seismic waves generated by earthquakes.

42
Q

Earthquake

A

A sudden and brief period of intense ground shaking.

43
Q

Focus

A

The point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake originates.

44
Q

Richter scale

A

A scale which measures earthquakes based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement.

45
Q

Mercalli scale

A

A means of measuring earthquakes by describing and comparing the damage done.

46
Q

A damper (earthquake proof buildings)

A

Acts like a pendulum to reduce building sway.

47
Q

Shock absorbers (earthquake proof buildings)

A

Built into cross braces.

48
Q

Strong double glazed windows (earthquake proof buildings

A

Stop broken glass from showering down.

49
Q

Very deep foundations (earthquake proof buildings)

A

To prevent collapse.

50
Q

Strong steel frame (earthquake proof buildings)

A

The steel frame is also flexible and stops any cracking.

51
Q

Cross bracing (earthquake proof buildings)

A

Stops floors collapsing.

Geography xx (1 decks)

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