Restless Earth

Question 1

What is the case study for volcanic eruptions?

Answer 1

Mount Merapi, Indonesia, 2010 - composite volcano

Question 2

Name a composite and a shield volcano

Answer 2

Composite - Mount Merapi, Indonesia

Shield - Mauna Lao, Hawaii

Question 3

Give the primary and secondary impacts of a named volcanic eruption

Answer 3

Mount Merapi, Indonesia, 2010 - composite volcano
Primary:
Social - 360,000 evacuated, some refused to go, others returned during eruption
S - 275 killed (mostly by scalding hot ash / gas in pyroclastic flow)
S - 570 injured
Economic - several villages destroyed
E - damage to crops from ash fall
E - 2000 farm animals killed
E - many flights cancelled due to ash cloud

Secondary:
S - 10km around volcano declared danger zone, 2600 couldn’t return to it
S - thousands spent weeks in emergency centres
E - 1300 hectares of farmland abandoned
E - $600 million lost due to reduced farming and tourism

Question 4

What are the case studies for earthquakes in the developed and developing world?

Answer 4

Developed - Canterbury, NZ, 2010

Developing - Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 2010

Question 5

Give the details and impacts of an earthquake in a developing country

Answer 5

Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 2010

• magnitude 7.0
• depth 13km
• struck at 5pm

Primary impacts:

• 316,000 deaths
• 300,000 injured
• $8.5 billion lost
• poverty / slum housing was vulnerable to building collapse

Secondary impacts:

• over 7000 deaths
• 1 million homeless
• damage to roads / ports stopped trade
• cholera (due to no sanitation or clean water)

Question 6

Give the details and impacts of an earthquake in a developed country

Answer 6

Canterbury, New Zealand, 2010

• magnitude 7.1
• depth 10km
• struck at 4.30am

Primary impacts:

• no deaths (asleep / strong buildings)
• 100 injured
• £1.8 billion damage to property

Secondary impacts:

• major aftershock, magnitude 6.3 (2011 in Christchurch)
• 185 deaths^

Question 7

Evaluate the role of immediate response and relief efforts linked to a named tectonic hazard event

Answer 7

Haiti earthquake, 2010

The event:

• strongest earthquake since 1770
• magnitude 7.0
• epicentre 10 miles west of port au prince capital
• many aftershocks from magnitude 4.2-5.9

The response:
- 3 million people in need of emergency aid
- The Red Cross sent a relief team from Geneva
- the UN’s World Food Program flew in two planes with emergency food aid
- NGO World Vision provided:
• food to 1.2 million
• emergency shelter for 41,000 families
• delivered 16 million litres of clean water
• installed 300 showers and 240 toilets
• were running health, education, child protection and livelihood programmes for 10,000+ of children and adults
- Inter American Development Bank approved $200,000 grant for emergency aid

The analysis:
Haiti is a very poor country meaning…
- most of help came from private charities or NGOs (not governments)
- women are especially badly affected, many are forced into prostitution
- Haiti is controlled by a tiny elite who may not give aid to the right people
- still trying to recover in 2012