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Geography > restless earth > Flashcards

restless earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two types of tectonic plate

A

Oceanic and continental

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2
Q

Name the 4 layers of the earth

A

Crust, Mantle, outer core, inner core

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3
Q

Which type of plate tectonic is more dense yet thinner

A

oceanic crust

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4
Q

Which layer makes the plates move?

A

The mantle

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5
Q

What are convection currents? Give detail. Mention core and mantle.

A

Inner core filled with radioactive decay which heats the magma in the mantle, magma in mantle becomes less dense and rises until it reaches near the crust. Where it then cools down and becomes more dense so it sinks back down again in a circular motion.

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6
Q

What happens at a destructive plate margin? (three things)

A
  • two plates move towards each other
  • oceanic (more dense) gets subducted under mantle and destroyed.
  • This causes volcanoes and ocean trenches
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7
Q

What happens at a constructive plate margin? (three things)

A
  • plates slowly move away from each other
  • Magma rises from mantle to gill gap and cools (causing a volcano to erupt)
  • new crust formed
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8
Q

What happens at a conservative plate margin? (three things)

A
  • when two plates are moving sideways or in the same direction next to each other
  • they move at different speeds
  • crust isn’t made or destroyed
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9
Q

What happens at a collision plate margin? (three things)

A
  • when two continental plate margins collide
  • they are the same density so neither is subducted
  • collide and create fold mountains
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10
Q

At what boundarie(s) do fold mountains formed and what rock type?

A

destructive/collision

sedimentry

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11
Q

Give an example of fold mountains made at a destructive plate margin? Collision?

A

Andes (south America)

Himalayas ( Asia)

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12
Q

What five things do humans use fold mountains for?

A

Farming, Hydro-electric power, mining, tourism and forestry

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13
Q

Talk about the fold mountain case study (6 things)

A
  • population of 12 million
  • 100 million tourists annually
  • 70% for skiing etc
  • 60% of power from HEP in Alps (Berne Switzerland)
  • steep unland areas used to farm goats/sheeps
  • salt/iron/gold/copper mining
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14
Q

How have the alps adapted to fit the landscape? (3 things)

A

Steep relief: goats farmed as they live on mountain side
Poor soils: Animals grazed in higher areas where soil is too poor for crops
Limited communications: Roads built over lower mountain parts, and tunnels made through mountain.

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15
Q

Which two plate boundaries are volcanoes found at?

A

Destructive, constructive

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16
Q

How is a volcano formed at a destructive plate boundary?

A
  • oceanic plate subducted and melted
  • magma forms in pool
  • rises through cracks and vents
  • magma erupts onto surface as lava forming volcano
17
Q

How is a volcano formed at a constructive margin?

A
  • magma rises through gaps as plates move apart
  • forms a submarine volcano
  • builds over time
  • erupts
18
Q

How else can a volcano be made?

A

If its over a hotspot

19
Q

Describe the characteristics of a composite volcano.

A
  • made up of ash and lava layers
  • steep sided
  • thick and slow lava
20
Q

describe the characteristics of a shield volcano

A
  • made up of only lava
  • lava is runny and flows quickly
  • spreads over a wise area so volcano is low and flat
21
Q

describe the characteristics of a dome volcano

A
  • made of only lava
  • thick lava that’s slow
  • steep sided volcano
22
Q

Talk about the Soufriere Hills (Montserrat) volcano CS.

include primary/secondary effects and immediate/long term responses

A
  • 19 killed in Harris village
  • Atlantic subducted under carribean
  • primary effects; capital buried under 12m of ash, 2/3 homes destroyed
  • secondary effects: fires, 8000 people left (12,000 original), improved soil fertility
  • immediate response; people evacuated, £17 million donated by UK of emergency aid
  • long term responses; exclusion zone put in place
23
Q

Where are super volcanoes found

A

destructive plate margin and hot spots

24
Q

How is a supervolcano formed?

A
  • magma rises through cracks, forms a magma basin
  • pressure on magma causes a bulge
  • bulge cracks leaving magma vents
  • lava erupts causing earthquake and ash and rock plumes
  • magama basin empties leaving caldera
25
Q

What are the characteristics of a supervolcano?

A

flat, large, calderas

26
Q

Give some facts about Yellowstone supervolcano?

A

80km long, 40 wide, 8 deep
would kill 87,000 people
possible mini ice age
Europe 5 degrees cooler

27
Q

Give some facts about Yellowstone supervolcano?

A

80km long, 40 wide, 8 deep
would kill 87,000 people
possible mini ice age
Europe 5 degrees cooler

28
Q

How are earthquakes made at destructive plate boundaries?

A

tension builds when one plate gets stuck when subducted

29
Q

How are earthquakes made at constructive margins?

A

tension builds along cracks within the plates as they move away from each other

30
Q

How are earthquakes made at conservative margins?

A

tension builds up when plates the are grinding past each other get stuck

31
Q

How is a general earthquake made?

A

plates jerk past each other sending shock waves
shock waves spread out from focus (point where earthquake starts)
epicentre is point on the crust above focus

32
Q

How can earthquakes be measured? evaluate the two ways

A

Richter scale- energy used measured on a seismometer, logarithmic scale
Mercalli scale- from 1 to 12 based on sight
Richter scale better as mercalli scale is opinion

33
Q

Talk about the Haitian Earthquake (poor country) , include effects and responses

A
  • 2010
  • 230,000 dead, 300,000 buildings destroyed, children orphaned
  • 1 in 5 jobs lost, $500,000 donated by Jennifer Aniston
  • CD released, people relocated
  • 1 million homeless
34
Q

Talk about (rich country) Japan earthquake, include responses and effects

A
  • 17th January 1995
  • 5,000 dead, 350,000 homeless
  • gas pipes exploded causing fires
  • survivors cared for in emergency locations
35
Q

Give 3 ways of measuring volcanoes and describe.

A

tilt meters- measures small earthquakes created by rising magma
spiders- detect volcanic slope change
seismometer - robots which measure changes In gas emissions

36
Q

Talk about the tsunami CS, include effects (primary/secondary), responses (short term and long term) and causes etc

A
  • 26/12/2004 In south east asia
  • Indo Australian plate subducted under Eurasian and immense pressure built displacing sea, slows down at shore causing wave height to build
  • primary effects; earthquake, building damage, 20ft wave, 230,000 dead, 1.7 million homeless
  • secondary effects; disease, aid from allies, mass graves built
  • short term responses; Oxfam brought aid, people rescued from sea, bury the dead to halt disease
  • long term response; rebuild homes, educate public,
37
Q

Which plates caused the asian tsunami

A

indo australian subducted under eurasian

38
Q

which plates caused the volcano at monseratt

A

atlantic subducted under carribean

Geography (1 decks)

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