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Geography: Dynamic Planet > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

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0
Q

Continental Crust (3 points)

A
  • Is the land
  • thick and less dense
  • 30-50km thick
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1
Q

Oceanic Crust (3 points)

A
  • found under oceans
  • thin but dense
  • usually 6-8km thick
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2
Q

Order of Earth Layers (4 points)

A
  1. Crust
  2. Mantle
  3. Outer Core
  4. Inner Core
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3
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

the crust and upper most solid mantle

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4
Q

Where is the asthenosphere?

A

It is part of the mantle

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5
Q

What is the physical state of:

  • Lithosphere?
  • Asthenosphere?
  • Lower Mantle?
  • Outer Core?
A
  • solid
  • partially molten
  • solid
  • liquid
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6
Q

Geothermal:

A

Heat from inside the earth produced by the radioactive decay of elements such as Uranium in the core and mantle.

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7
Q

Convention currents (3 points)

A
  • occurs in mantle
  • driven by the heat of the core
  • move tectonic plates of Earth’s surface
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8
Q

Magnetosphere:

A

A huge invisible magnetic field that protects the earth from harmful radiation and is made by he outer core.

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9
Q

Pangea:

A

when the continents were all joined together. Sometimes known as continental drift.

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10
Q

How many tectonic plates is there?

A

15

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11
Q

Plate boundary:

A

Where two plates meet together

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13
Q

constructive plate boundary (4 points)

A
  • two oceanic plates
  • moving away from each other
  • earthquakes caused by friction
  • shallow sided volcanoes form
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13
Q

Conservative plate boundary (3 points)

A
  • plates sliding past each other
  • friction causes earthquakes
  • can move in different or same direction
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14
Q

Destructive plate boundary (5 points)

A
  • oceanic plate and continental plate
  • moving towards each other
  • dense oceanic plate is subducted
  • pressure builds causing earthquakes
  • very steep destructive volcanoes
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15
Q

Collision plate boundary (4 points)

A
  • two continental plates
  • moving towards each other
  • plates buckle and form mountains
  • powerful earthquakes formed
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16
Q

Constructive plate boundary example:

A

Iceland

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17
Q

Destructive plate boundary example:

A

Monserrat

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18
Q

Conservative plate boundary example:

A

Loma Prieta

19
Q

Collision plate boundary example:

A

Kashmir

20
Q

What do convection currents look like?

A
21
Q

What does a collision plate boudnary look like?

A
22
Q

What does a conservative plate boundary look like?

A
23
Q

What does a destructive plate boundary look like?

A
24
Q

What does a constructive plate boundary look like?

A
25
Q

Plate boundary map:

A
26
Q

What does a composite volcano look like?

A
27
Q

What does a shield volcano look like?

A
28
Q

Composite volcano (4 points):

A
  • layers of ash and lava
  • formed on destructive plate boundaries
  • viscous magma cools quicly forming steep shape
  • very explosive eruptions
29
Q

Case study of composite volcano:

A

Monserrat

30
Q

Shield volcano (3 points):

A
  • formed on constructive plate boundaries
  • runny lava flows long distance before cooling
  • not as violent explosions
31
Q

Case Study of shield volcano:

A

Iceland

32
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

Friction builds up (either between two plates or a plate and the mantle) until there is so much force that it overcomes the friction so the plate suddenly jerks forward.

33
Q

Earthquake diagram:

A
34
Q

What are earthquakes measured on?

A

The Richter Scale

35
Q

The shallower the focus, the more ________ the earthquake tends to be.

A

destructive

36
Q

How are tsunamis generated?

A

by earthquakes that occur underneath the sea bed

37
Q

Kashmir effects on people and property(5 points):

A
  • approx 73,000 deaths and 100,000 injuries
  • most of the dead were children
  • contaminated water meant diseases spread quickly
  • large cracks in ground caused landslides
  • 2.8 people left homeless
38
Q

Loma Prieta effects on people and property(5 points):

A
  • over 3500 people injured
  • decline in tourism due to people not feeling safe
  • difficulties for emerengy services
  • cost of damage was $10 billion
  • 12,000 homeless
39
Q

Effects of Monserrat: (5 points)

A
  • 2/3 of the land covered in ash
  • floods as valleys were blocked by ash
  • farmland destroyed
  • many hospitals and schools destroyed
  • forest fires
40
Q

Effects of Iceland: (4 points)

A
  • contamination of water due to ask
  • difficulties made for farming
  • flooding due to rising river levels
  • air flights disrupted
41
Q

How do you predict volcanic eruptions? (4 points)

A
  • aircraft measures gas given off
  • tiltmeters measure levels of swelling due to magma
  • seismometers monitor earth tremors as magma rises
  • boreholes measure water temp as magma heats up
42
Q

Earthquake warning and planing: (5 points)

A
  • drills
  • emergency services practice rescuing
  • people keep emergency kits
  • prepared broadcast warnings
  • evacuation centres
43
Q

Developed world hazard resistant designs:(4 points)

A
  • shock absorbers
  • strong double glass windows
  • deep foundations
  • cross bracing
44
Q

Developing world hazard resistant designs: (3 points)

A
  • lightweight roof
  • simple steel rod foundations
  • wood/bamboo corss bracing

Geography: Dynamic Planet (3 decks)

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