Ressssppppiiiirrraaattttiiiooonnn Flashcards
Cellular respiration definition
Why ATP acts as a energy currency of the cell
The breaking of C-C sing,e bond of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells leading to release of considerable amount of energy and
trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP
ATP is broken down whenever and wherever energy needs to be utilised
Respiratory substrate
Eg. Sequence, gross calorific value , physiological value
,
The compounds that are oxidised during the process of cellular respiration
Carbohydrate= 4.1 kcal/g. =4 kcal/g ,
Fats= 9.45 kcal/g = 9.0 kcal/g
proteins = 5.65 kcal/g = 4 kcal/g
, organic acids eg Mallic acid
Cellular respiration is ________ process, reason
It is a _____ process ( heat )
Amphibolic , the carbon skeleton ( intermediates of respiration) produced during respiration is used as precursors for biosynthesis of other molecules in the cell
Exergonic process , the breaking of C—C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells leading to release of considerable amount of energy
Reasons why plants can get along without respiratory organ
But they have
Floating respiration
Protoplasmic respiration
Each plant part takes care of its own gas exchange needs
Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange
The distance that gases must diffuse even in large , bulky plants is not great
Stomata and lenticels for this purpose
Carbohydrate/ fats are used for respiration
Protein is oxidised inside the cell . Occurs in starved cell
Aerobic respiration
Inter / intra respiration
ATP
Nadh oxidised
O2 role
Reaction
This accounts for complete oxidation of glucose to co2 & h2o
It is an intermolecular respiration
36 , 38 molecules of atp gain for each molecule of glucose
Nadh is oxidised to nad+ vigorously
O2 remove hydrogen from system and acts as the final hydrogen acceptor
C6h12O6 + 6O2 + 6h2O = 6co2 + 12h2o + 686 kcal
Anaerobic respiration
Inter / intra respiration
ATP
Nadh oxidised
O2 role
Reaction
Only a partial breakdown of glucose to either lactic acid or ethanol and co2
Intramolecular
2 atp
Nadh is oxidised to nad+ rather slowly
O2 is absent.
C6H12O6 = 2CH3CH2 OH + 2CO2 + less than 7% + 21 kcal (2 atp )
C6H12O6 = 2C3H6O3 + less than 7% of energy of glucose
Glycolysis given , happens in , location
Glucose is derived from
Sucrose is converted into
Enzyme hexokinase activity
Embden , Meyerhof, parnas , whether it is aerobic, anaerobic , cytoplasm
Sucrose ( product of photosynthesis), starch ( storage carbohydrate)
Glucose and fructose by enzymes invert ase and these two monosacc
Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6 - phosphate and fructose-6- phosphate
In glycolysis, no of reaction , co2 , o2
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation
10, no consumption of oxygen and liberation of co2 takes place
6atp ( malate aspartate shuttle is present)
When the substrate releases energy for phosphorylation of ADP without ets
Most important control point of glycolysis , regulate by enzymes , activate , inhibit
Fate of pyruvic acid depends on
3 ways different cells handle pyruvic acid
Fermentation takes place in( organisms )
Step 3 , enzyme phophofructokinase , by amp m by atp ( pacemaker enzymes)
On availability of oxygen and cellular needs
Lactic acid , alcoholic fermentation, aerobic respiration
In many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotic , germinating seeds
Link reaction and kerbs cycle co2
Link reaction /, first time
Takes place during formation of acetyl coA
Enzyme
The complete oxidation of pyruvate by stepwise removal of all hydrogen atoms leaving 3 co2 molecules of co2
Gateway reaction = this process connects glyocolysis and krebs cycle , co2 is evolved
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation / oxidation ( oxidative decarboxylation)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Link reaction cofactors
Reaction
TCA DISCOVERED By , occurs in , all enzymes located
Krebs cycle/
First mem ( also acts )
NAD, TPP ( thiamine pyrophosphate ) , FAD+, lipoid acid (la) , coenzyme A ( co a) mg 2+
Pyruvic acid + coa + NAD+ = acetyl coa +co2 + Nadh +H+ ( mg2+,pyruvate dehydrogenase)
H.A krebs , mitochondrial matrix , in matrix, but succincte dehydrogenase (inn.mito.mem)
TCA ( tricarboxylic acid ) , citric acid cycle,
Oxalosacetic acid ( first accepter of acetyl coa )
The TCA starts ( enzymes, released)
Citrate is isomerised , followed by , leading to
Substrate level phosphorylation
Kreb cycle results in formation
With the condensation of acetyl group with OAA and water to yield citric acid ( citrate synthase , molecule of coA
To isocitrate , two successive steps of decarboxylation , formation of alpha ketoglutaric acid ,then succinyl coa
During the conservation of succinylcoa to succinc acid a molecule of gtp is synthesised
3NADH2, 1 FADH2 , 1 GDP
Complex 1 /
Complex 2 /
Complex 3/
Complex 4/
Complex 5 /
NaDH dehydrogenase complex = FMN, Fe-S
Succinc dehydrogenase complex = FAD , Fe- S
Cytochrome bc1 complex = cytochrome- b , cytochrome-c1 , fe-s
Cytochrome c oxidase complex = cyt - a , cyt -a3 , 2cu centres
ATP synthase/ ATPase / oxysome ) = Fo ( integral ) - F1 ( peripheral)
Enzymes in ets receives
Mobile carrier
Oxygen presence is vital because
The process is called
Mobile H carrier
( Ubiquinone), reducing equivalents via fadh2 ( complex 2) that is generated during oxidation of succinate in citric acid
Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to outer surface of inner mem , for transport of electrons b/w complex 3&4
It drives the whole process by removing hydrogen from system, it acts as final h acceptor
Oxidative phosphorylation
Coa/UQ ( ubiquinone )
In both _____& —- fermentation energy released
Yeast poison themselves to death
hydrogen acceptor in alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid , alcohol fermentation, less than 7%
When concentration of alcohol reaches about 13 %
Acetaldehydrate , pyruvate
