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RESS year 2 > RESS flashcards for summative > Flashcards

RESS flashcards for summative

1
Q

what is a health related state

A

Outcome or dependant variable

e.g death, disease

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2
Q

What is a determinant

A

A definite cause

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3
Q

Exposure

A

Independent variable - potential cause

e.g smoking, age``

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4
Q

Incidence

A

Probability that a disease occurs/is contracted in population within a period of time
Equation: the number of new cases in the period / the number at risk over the period

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5
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of cases of disease at a particular time point

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6
Q

Mortality

A

Proportion of people dying from the disease compared to the rest of the population
Equation: number dying in period from disease / number in population

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7
Q

Case fatality rate

A

Proportion of people who die from a specified disease among all individuals diagnosed with the disease over a certain period of time
Equation: number dying in period from disease / number with the disease in period

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8
Q

The scientific method

A 
1 - Observe
2- Propose/modify a hypothesis
3 - Test the hypothesis
4 - Reject/do not reject
5 - If reject, modify hypothesis, If don't reject - Test again
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9
Q

Case series

A

Describes a sample of cases with the same disease, not doing any analysis just describing

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10
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Studies a group of people at a single point in time

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11
Q

Cohort study

A

Examines disease development in groups of people over time

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12
Q

Case-control study

A

Examines history of groups of people with / without a disease

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13
Q

Ecological study (our projects)

A

Examines variations between geographical areas

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14
Q

3 types of health outcomes

A
  • Record based
  • Biological/clinical
  • Clinician/patient-reported
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15
Q

Validity

A
  • Measures accurately what it is meant to measure

- E.g. using BMI rather than weight as a measure of obesity

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16
Q

Reliability

A
  • Give the same result on retesting

- E.g. Weight on a bathroom scale is reliable within around ½ a pound

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17
Q

Responsiveness

A
  • Can detect real changes when they occur
  • Death is unresponsive because once you’re dead you’re dead, it cant change.
  • E.g. continuous QoL scale rather than categorical
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18
Q

Person-time

A
  • Used as incidence denominator

- a way of determining how many people are at risk

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19
Q

Considering a common, short duration disease such as influenza, which of the following would you expect to see?

  • Low incidence, low prevalence
  • High incidence, low prevalence
  • High incidence, High prevalence
  • Low incidence, high prevalence
A

High incidence, low prevalence. Lots of people get it, but they’re cured quickly so fewer people have it at a single point in time.

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20
Q

Relative risk (or odds ratio)

A

risk in exposed group / risk in unexposed group

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21
Q

Interpretation of relative risk

A
  • =1 means risk in exposed = risk in unexposed. No benefit or harm
  • <1 means risk in exposed < risk in unexposed. Exposure is protective
  • > 1 means risk in exposed > risk in unexposed. Exposure is harmful
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22
Q

Truncation:

A

E.g. anorexi* = anorexia, anorexic,

23
Q

Adjacency searching:

A

E.g. eating adj2 disorder = eating disorder, eating related disorder

24
Q

Wildcards:

A
  • ? #

- E.g. behavio?ral = behavioural, behavioral (one character, or none)

25
Q

The threeBoolean operators

A

AND - both concepts together
OR - both concepts individually
NOT - One concept where the other is not present

26
Q

Likert scale

A

a scale used to represent people’s attitudes to a topic.

27
Q

Continuous data

A

Numerical value, no limitation on values e.g. weight. Even if recorded in whole units.

28
Q

Discrete data

A

Numerical value, limitation on values e.g. number of hospital appointments

29
Q

Ordinal data

A

Ordered category e.g. Likert scale, stage of disease. You categorise things and count the number of things in that category.

30
Q

Nominal data

A

Non-ordered category e.g. sex, blood group

31
Q

Normally distributed data analysis

A

Mean and standard deviation

32
Q

Skewed data analysis

A

Median and interquartile range (IQR)

33
Q

How would you check on the distribution of a continuous variable?

A

Histogram

34
Q

Histograms

A

The area of a bar in a histogram is proportional to the frequency (frequency histogram), so height is proportional to class width. Histograms are plotted for continuous variables.

35
Q

Bar chart

A

is a measure of the frequency of each item of a categorical variable

36
Q

Boxplot

A

displays the median, interquartile range and outlier values

37
Q

Scatterplot

A

looks at how 2 variables are related to each other. So a great way to see if there is a linear relationship between the two. But not to check the distribution

38
Q

Single categorical exposure & categorical outcome

A
  • calculate risk or odds.

Use risk, risk ratio, odds, odds ratio etc

39
Q

Single categorical exposure & continuous outcome

A

Use t-test (or non-parametric equivalent)

40
Q

Single continuous exposure & continuous outcome

A

Use correlation (association)

41
Q

Multiple exposures & continuous outcome

A

Use linear regression (effect size)

42
Q

Multiple exposures & categorical outcome

A

Use logistic regression

43
Q

What does the p-value measure

A

Probability of a result

- So p=0.05 means a 1 in 20 (5%) chance of an event happening

44
Q

Random error

A
  • Error due to random factors
  • Measurement error
  • Error from chance fluctuations in the profile of our sample
45
Q

Systematic error

A
  • Error due to non-random factors

- Measurement bias, confounding bias etc.

46
Q

A distortion of an association between 2 variables due to a common shared cause is called

A

Confounding bias

47
Q

A systematic difference between patients chosen vs. not chosen for a study is called:

A

Selection bias

48
Q

Confounding bias

A

Distortion of association due to a common shared cause (confounder)
Accommodate through conditioning

49
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Due to the behaviours and actions of the experimenter

50
Q

Information bias

A

Due to systematic error in reporting, measurement or recording of information

51
Q

Selection bias

A

Occurs through a systematic difference between those selected into a study sample and those not selected

52
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measure of spread

53
Q

Standard error

A

Measure of precision

RESS year 2 (1 decks)

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