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IP and RESS > RESS > Flashcards

RESS Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology is the “study of the distribution & determinants of health related states or events in specified populations”. Which of these is a health related state?

a) Smoking
b) Death
c) Age

A

B) Death

Other health related states (or outcome measures): incidence/prevalence, hospital admissions, birth weight, life expectancy.

Age and smoking are determinants (risk factors/exposures/causes)

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2
Q

Following the scientific method, what do you do after proposing a hypothesis?

a) Modify it
b) Reject it
c) Test it

A

c) Test it

  1. Observe
  2. Propose hypothesis
  3. Test hypothesis
  4. Reject and modify hypothesis
  5. Do not reject and continue to test hypothesis
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3
Q

Which type of population study design typically follows patients up over time to see if they develop a disease of interest?

a) Case series
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Cohort study
d) Case-control study
e) Ecological study

A

c) Cohort study

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4
Q

Which type of population study design typically selects patients with/without a disease and looks back over time to determine their exposure?

a) Case series
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Cohort study
d) Case-control study
e) Ecological study

A

d) Case-control study

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5
Q

Which study design describes a sample of cases with the same disease?

a) Case series
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Cohort study
d) Case-control study
e) Ecological study

A

a) Case series

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6
Q

Which study design examines variations between geographical areas?

a) Case series
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Cohort study
d) Case-control study
e) Ecological study

A

e) Ecological study

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7
Q

Which study design studies a group of people at a single point in time?

a) Case series
b) Cross-sectional study
c) Cohort study
d) Case-control study
e) Ecological study

A

b) Cross-sectional study

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8
Q

What type of health outcome is ‘mortality’?

a) Record-based
b) Biological/clinical
c) Clinician/patient-reported

A

a) Record-based

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9
Q

What type of health outcome is ‘quality of life’?

a) Record-based
b) Biological/clinical
c) Clinician/patient-reported

A

c) Clinician/patient-reported

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10
Q

What term means that an outcome measures accurately what it meant to measure?

a) Validity
b) Reliability
c) Responsiveness

A

a) Validity

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11
Q

What term means that repeating the test will bring about the same results?

a) Validity
b) Reliability
c) Responsiveness

A

b) Reliability

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12
Q

Which term means that you can detect real changes in outcomes when they occur?

a) Validity
b) Reliability
c) Responsiveness

A

c) Responsiveness

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13
Q

What measures how many people have a disease at a specific point in time?

a) Incidence
b) Prevalence
c) Person-time
d) Mortality
e) Case fatality rate

A

b) Prevalence

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14
Q

What measures the number of new cases of a disease over a specific time period?

a) Incidence
b) Prevalence
c) Person-time
d) Mortality
e) Case fatality rate

A

a) Incidence

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15
Q

How do you calculate incidence rate?

A

New cases/population at risk

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16
Q

How do you calculate prevalence?

A

People with disease/Population

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17
Q

How do you calculate mortality?

A

Number dying from disease/population

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18
Q

How do you calculate case fatality?

A

Number dying from disease/number with disease

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19
Q

Considering a common, short duration disease such as influenza, which of the following would you expect to see?

a) Low incidence, low prevalence
b) Low incidence, high prevalence
c) High incidence, low prevalence
d) High incidence, high prevalence

A

c) High incidence, low prevalence

Lots of people get it but they are cured quickly, therefore only few people have it at a single point in time

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20
Q

How would you interpret a relative risk (risk ratio) of 1? The exposure:

a) Is protective
b) Is harmful
c) Has no impact

A

c) Has no impact

We are comparing 2 groups – exposed and unexposed.
Relative risk is a ratio, so a value of 1 means a ratio of 1:1 which means that the risk for the exposed is the same as the unexposed and therefore the exposure has no more (or less) impact than the control

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21
Q

A relative risk (risk ratio) of >1 means what?

A

Exposure is harmful

> 1 means the risk in the exposed group and greater than the risk in the control group

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22
Q

A relative risk (odds ratio) of <1 means what?

A

Exposure is protective

<1 means the risk in exposed group is less than the risk in the control group

23
Q

Which of these is not a valid keyword search technique?

a) Truncation
b) Adjacency searching
c) Wildcard
d) Wild key

A

d) Wild key

24
Q

? and # are examples of ____ that are used when searching for literature

A

wildcards

E.g. behavio?ral to check for US and UK spelling. Searches for one character that may or may not be present.

E.g. Wom#n to search for both woman and women. Searches for one character, but there is definitely a character there.

25
Q

What search term could you use to find both these titles:

  • Eating disorder
  • Eating related disorder
A

adj2

adjacency searching

26
Q

What symbol is used for truncation when searching for literature?

A

Asterisk *

27
Q

Which of the following would be returned if you search for anorexi* in Medline? (select one or more)

a) Anorex
b) Anorexia
c) Anorexic
d) Anorexia nervosa

A

b, c and d

The asterisk is for truncation

28
Q

Which Boolean operator would you use to only get results that include both concepts?

a) Anorexia AND CBT
b) Anorexia OR CBT
c) Anorexia NOT CBT
d) Anorexia NOR CBT

A

a) Anorexia AND CBT

OR will find anorexia on its own, and CBT on its own but not necessarily both

NOT will find anorexia where CBT isn’t mentioned

29
Q

Which Boolean operator would you use to search for synonyms?

a) Anorexia AND CBT
b) Anorexia OR CBT
c) Anorexia NOT CBT
d) Anorexia ADJ CBT

A

b) Anorexia OR CBT

30
Q

What type of data is weight?

a) Continuous
b) Discrete
c) Ordinal
d) Nominal

A

a) Continuous

Can be any number, no restriction. Even if you measure to a certain number of decimal places.

31
Q

What data type do you get if you use the Likert scale?

a) Continuous
b) Discrete
c) Ordinal
d) Nominal

A

c) Ordinal

Which is what makes it difficult to analyse – you used correlation, t-tests etc. to look at continuous variables. You shouldn’t use those methods for this variable

32
Q

What type of data is being described:

Numerical value, no limitation on values e.g. weight. Even if recorded in whole units.

A

Continuous data

33
Q

What type of data is being described:

Numerical value, limitation on values e.g. number of hospital appointments

A

Discrete data

34
Q

What type of data is being described:

Ordered category e.g. Likert scale, stage of disease

A

Ordinal data

35
Q

What type of data is being described:

Non-ordered category. E.g. sex, blood group

A

Nominal

36
Q

How would you summarise the average of a non-normally distributed variable?

a) Mean
b) Median
c) Standard deviation
d) Inter-quartile range

A

b) Median

Median best for skewed data. Mean for normally distributed data. The mean is affected by abnormally high or low values, the median is not.

SD and IQR are measures of spread. Use SD with the mean and IQR with median

37
Q

How would you check on the distribution of a continuous variable? Plot a:

a) Boxplot
b) Bar chart
c) Histogram
d) Scatterplot

A

c) Histogram

The area of a bar in a histogram is proportional to the frequency (frequency histogram), so height is proportional to class width. Histograms are plotted for continuous variables.

38
Q

What method may be used to assess associations between 2 categorical variables? (select one or more)

a) Risk/odds
b) T-test
c) Correlation
d) Linear regression

A

a) Risk/odds

39
Q

What method may be used to assess associations between 2 categorical variables?
(select one or more)

a) Risk/odds
b) T-test
c) Correlation
d) Linear regression

A

c and d

40
Q

How would you assess association between a single categorical exposure and continuous outcome?

A

T-test

41
Q

How would you assess association between a single continuous exposure and continuous outcome?

A

Correlation

42
Q

How would you assess association between multiple exposures and continuous outcome?

A

Linear regression

43
Q

The p-values measure the:

a) Effect of a treatment
b) Accuracy of a statistical test
c) Probability of a result

A

c) Probability of a result

So p=0.05 means a 1 in 20 (5%) chance of an event happening.

Combined with a hypothesis , it’s a 5% chance of seeing the results you saw if the null hypothesis were true.

Small chance => reject null. Large change = cannot reject null.

P-value does not provide “proof” but “evidence”

The effect size is also important, but different. The confidence interval is also important.

P-value can’t tell you whether the statistical test was accurate, or the correct one to use, or whether you used it correctly

44
Q

A set of weighing scales varies according to climate. This is an example of:

a) Error
b) Bias

A

a) Error

Random error

  • Error due to random factors
  • Measurement error
  • Error from chance fluctuations in the profile of our sample

Systematic error

  • Error due to non-random factors
  • Measurement bias, confounding bias etc.
45
Q

A distortion of an association between 2 variables due to a common shared cause is called:

a) Confounding bias
b) Experimenter bias
c) Information bias
d) Selection bias

A

a) Confounding bias

46
Q

A systematic difference between patients chosen vs. not chosen for a study is called:

a) Confounding bias
b) Experimenter bias
c) Information bias
d) Selection bias

A

d) Selection bias

47
Q

Bias due to Distortion of association due to a common shared cause is called ____

A

Confounding bias

48
Q

Bias due to the behaviours and actions of the experimenter is called ____

A

Experimenter bias

49
Q

Bias due to systematic error in reporting, measurement or recording of information is called ____

A

Information bias

50
Q

Bias due to systematic difference between those selected into a study sample and those not selected is called ____

A

Selection bias

51
Q

How do you calculate standard error?

A

stnd. deviation/sqrt(n)

52
Q

What is standard error?

A

A measure of precision

53
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A measure of spread

IP and RESS (2 decks)

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