Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ress > Ress > Flashcards

Ress Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of healthcare practice study

A

Provide better evidence
Open to scrutiny
Assimilate results into guidelines and targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Steps to conducting studies

A 
Identify problem
Formulate question and address gap in evidence
Select study design
Sample/Select participants
Collect Data
Analyse variables
Disseminate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Research?

A

Generates new knowledge

Potential to be generalisable or transferable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an Audit?

A

Quality improvement process
Systematic review of care against criteria
Changes introduced subsequently
Does service reach the standard?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a service evaluation?

A

Evaluates proposed service with intention to generate information to inform decision-making authorities
What standard does the service achieve?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an audit cum service evaluation?

A

Establish extent practise is achieving as well as what factors may be associated in success/failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is NICE?

A

Independent, non governmental, funded by department of health
Provides national guidelines and advice to improve care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Purpose of NICE

A

Reduce variation in availability and quality of treatment
Evidence for certain treatment methods
Set Guidelines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Quality Standards?

A

Statements with measurable indicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a PECOS?

A 
Patient/Participant
Exposure
Comparison
Outcome
Study Design
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Methods of searching

A

Free Text
MeSH
Combination of both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sources of Sampling Bias

A

Non representative sample - external

Selection influences exposure - confounding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sources of Measurement Bias

A

Information bias - extent of info varies between participants
Observer bias - Influenced by prior knowledge
Recall/Presteige Bias - influenced by prior knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sources of analytical bias

A

Loss to follow up
Omitted variables
Attributional Bias - interpretation of causality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Source of Dissemination Bias

A

Publication bias - eventful results more likely to be published

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Order the different study designs

A

1) Meta analysis
2) Randomised control Trial (Experimental)
3) Cohort Study (Observational)
4) Case-Control (Descriptive) (Observational)
5) Cross Sectional (Descriptive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Belmont Report?

A

Respect for persons - need to obtain informed consent

Justice where benefits outweigh the burdens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to minimise harm

A

Sound science, ethics, study practise

Go through management boards for high risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Best practise for voluntary participation

A

Informed consent
Reward free research
Freedom to decline/withdraw
Rights Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Examples of high risk ethical issues

A

Vulnerable participants
Sensitive Topics
Collecting body materials
Conducting harmful procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What projects do not require ethical approval?

A

Secondary research
Non human research
Audits/Service Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What projects need approval?

A

Non human research covered by Animal Act
Service evaluations involving vulnerable participants or sensitive topics
New intervention projects
New information gathered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When do you need to reapply for ethical approval?

A

Any changes to project proposal

Any deleterious effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What should project proposal include?

A

Why it is necessary
what it will involve
how ethical, legal and governance issues be avoided
Should Allow:
Team to conduct project
Participants to assess whether they want to be involved
Research ethics committee to decide (LREC, NHS, REC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a sample?

A

Collection of data drawn from population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is target population?

A

Total finite population we wish to know about from which sample is drawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What needs to happen to study sample to allow conclusions to be made?

A

Extrapolation to target population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is complete samples? Pros and cons

A

Entire study population
PRO: No bias
CONS: Expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is unstratified random samples? Pros and cons

A

Every member of target population has equal chance of being sampled
PROS: easy to design
CONS: smaller groups may be under-represented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is stratified random samples? Pros and cons

A

Random sample from target population within strat
Every member within each strata has equal chance
PROS: Representative, improves power for rare strata
CONS: Population not easily divisible into strata, not known

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is null hypothesis?

A

No effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is alternative hypothesis?

A

An effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is p value?

A

Probability that result happened by chance alone

<0.05 is significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When are CI significant?

A

When they do not include the null

Increased by increasing sample size (CI shrink)

35
Q

How do you calculate odds ratio?

A

odds of outcome given exposure/odds of outcome by other null exposure
CI must both be <1 or >1 to be certain effect isnt due to chance

36
Q

What is power?

A

Probability of rejecting null when null is false
Calculated before and after
Easier to detect when - mean effect large, variation in effect is small, sample is bigger (Aim 0.8)

37
Q

What is the odds?

A

Probability an event occurs divided by probability event does not occur

38
Q

What are odds ratio?

A

Odds of an event for ‘exposed’ individuals divided by odds of event for ‘unexposed’ individuals

39
Q

Interpret values of odds ratio

A

no effect = 0
>1 = greater risk
<1 = lower risk

40
Q

How to apply odds ratio to continuous variables?

A

Discretise the data

41
Q

What variables must be collected?

A

Exposure, outcome, covariates

Mediators do not need to be collected

42
Q

What are confounders?

A

Cause both exposure and outcome

Adjusted for

43
Q

What are competing exposures?

A

Cause outcome but not related to exposure

Adjusted for if cause variation

44
Q

What are mediators?

A

Caused by exposure and cause outcome

NOT adjusted for

45
Q

Types of causal relationship

A

Functional (no contraceptive = pregnant mother)
Empirical (from past analysis)
Theoretical (teenage grandmother = teenage mother)
Speculative (teenage grandfather = teenage mother)

46
Q

What are the two types of study?

A

Prospective

Retrospective

47
Q

What is a prospective study?

A

record variables over study period with outcome measured afterwards
eg cohort
PRO: less bias, less chance of confounding
CONS: time and resource intensive, collect unneeded data, subject dropout, unfeasible for rare outcomes

48
Q

What is a retrospective study?

A

Measure outcome and look back to measure exposure
eg case control, cross sectional
PROS: less time, allows oversampling of rare outcomes
CONS: susceptible to bias, some variables cannot be measured directly

49
Q

Does open ended or close ended data need codign?

A

Open ended

50
Q

Name one way to get over missing data?

A

Proxy data

51
Q

What is purpose of linear model?

A

Helps indicate if association between two variables
Nuisance variables can be adjusted for/eliminated
Regression used to assess variation of data
Regress y axis x axis
If want to add covariates then just add to the line

52
Q

How to code regression of categorical data for weight and sex

A

Xi: regress weight i.sex

53
Q

What regression used if outcome is binary?

A

Logistic regression

Xi: logistic complynot i.sex

54
Q

What does coefficient give?

A

Correlation - 0= no change

55
Q

What does R^2 give?

A

Proportion of variation explained by model

56
Q

What does P value show?

A

Significance of each variable

57
Q

What is R^2 between?

A

0 = bad fit
1= perfect fit
More variables improve R

58
Q

In logistic, what is Coefficient given as?

A

Odds ratio

1= no change

59
Q

Strengths of qualitative research

A

Understand relationships
Identify why people behave in a certain way
Exploring context/perspectives

60
Q

When is it best to use a 1 to 1 interview

A

Sensitive topics, stigma

61
Q

Give three data interpretations for qualitative research

A

Framework analysis - across and within cases
Interpretive phenomological analysis - focus on interviewees sense making
Grounded theory - focus on identifying shared meaning

62
Q

How is credibility increased?

A

Prolonged engagement
Multiple sources
Not prematurely foreclosing

63
Q

What is opportunity cost?

A

Value of option that is foregone

If greater than option chosen then wrong decision

64
Q

What can affect QALYs?

A

Improvements to quality or quantity of life

65
Q

What does economic evaluation involve?

A

Opportunity cost and efficiency
Used to make sure effective
Provide cost per health gain of option

66
Q

What is Efficiency?

A

Maximising benefit for the resources used

67
Q

What is technical efficiency?

A

Meeting an objective at lowest cost

68
Q

What is allocative efficiency?

A

Producing the output that matches the demand

69
Q

What does marginal analysis involve?

A

The next step - cost and benefit of taking next step

Not interested in averages

70
Q

What is cost effective anaylsis?

A

Benefits measured in terms of standard clinical outcome within a condition (increase/decrease of BP/Life years gained)
Quality or Quantity gained

71
Q

What is cost utility analysis?

A

Both quality and quantity life gained (QALYS)

72
Q

What is cost benefit analysis?

A

Considers monetary benefit of health in resource use

73
Q

What is cost effectiveness threshold?

A

Maximum amount the health service will pay per unit health gained
Roughly 20-30K per QALYs

74
Q

Process of Option Appraisal

A 
Define objective and constraints
Identify and describe options
Identify monetary costs and benefits
Assess risks
Identify non monetary costs and benefits
Weigh up
Assess balance of advantages
75
Q

Function of biomedical research

A

Understand cause, development and effects of disease and interventions

76
Q

Give ethical restriction to research

A

New knowledge can never take precedence over the rights and interests of subjects (8)
Subject to ethical standards that promote respect,right and health (7)

77
Q

What are rights in research

A

Right to consent or refuse - free informed consent (25)
Right to confidentiality
Act in best interests

78
Q

What is the Social Value Requirements

A

Research may only be conducted if objective outweighs risks and burdens (16)
Must potentially improve health by important knowledge
Well designed

79
Q

In the blood substitute example, why was approval given?

A

Saline used pre hospital is not sufficient for treatment so alternatives are allowed to be used

80
Q

When is it permissible to carry research without consent?

A

Helsinki declaration
28- if the research cannot instead be performed with people capable of providing informed consent
30 - physical and mental condition that prevents giving informed consent
Consent must be attained as soon as consciousness appears

81
Q

In America, what is waived consent?

A

In life threatening situations, permissible when available treatments are unproven/unsatisfactory and informed consent is not feasible

82
Q

In England, when can research be done in this scenario?

A

If necessary to take action for purpose of trial urgently but not able to get informed consent prior
Action approved by ethics committee
Consent is sort as soon as legally possible

83
Q

Types of Consent

A

Expressed - written, verbal, implied
Tacit - opt out, must have knowledge disseminated and know that not opting out means consent (meetings, focus groups, adverts)

84
Q

List the things needed for informed consent

A

Purpose of the research
Procedures involved in the research
Alternatives to participation
All foreseeable risks and discomforts to the subject also possible psychological, social, or economic harm, discomfort, or inconvenience.
Benefits of the research to society and possibly to the individual human subject
Length of time the subject is expected to participate
Person to contact for answers to questions or in the event of a research-related injury or emergency
Statement indicating that participation is voluntary and that refusal to participate will not result in any consequences or any loss of benefits that the
subject is otherwise entitled to receive
Statement regarding the subjects’ right to confidentiality and right to withdraw
from the study at any time without any consequences

Ress (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions