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Year 2 RESS > RESS > Flashcards

RESS Flashcards

1
Q

Define hypothesis

A

Testable statement that describes an observation

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2
Q

Define theory

A

well confirmed explanation of nature but remains falsifiable

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3
Q

Define Health Outcome

A

Impact healthcare activities have on people

Focusses on what results from what is done

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4
Q

Name the 3 health outcomes

A

Record Based
Biological and Clinical Outcomes
Clinician and Patient-reported outomes

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5
Q

Give an example of record based health outcome

A

Mortality, incidence

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6
Q

Give an example of Biological and clinical outcomes

A

Lab results, BMI, Blood pressure

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7
Q

Give an example of Clinician and patient-reported outcomes

A

Symptom score

HRQOL

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8
Q

Define Incidence

A

New cases of that disease arising in a population over a defined period of time
Number of new cases/Number at risk (in a given period of time)

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9
Q

Define Prevalence

A

Cases of people living with the disease

Number of people with a disease/Number of people in the population (at a given time)

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10
Q

Define Case Fatality Rate

A

Number of people who die from the disease/Number of people with disease in period

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11
Q

Define Mortality Rate

A

Number of people who die from the disease/Number of people who die in period of time

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12
Q

Define Stratum

A

Subgroup of your individuals in the sample

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13
Q

Define Risk

A

Number of new cases/Number at risk

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14
Q

Define Odds

A

Probability of event/Probability that event doesn’t occur

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15
Q

Define and explain relative risk

A

Risk in exposed group/Risk in unexposed group
=1 means no benefit or harm
>1 means harmful effect

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16
Q

What is standard error used to calculate?

A

The confidence intervals

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17
Q

Define P-value

A

probability that such a test specific could take a value at least that extreme

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18
Q

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

A

Measured between two numeric variables

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19
Q

When should PCC not be used?

A

Non Linear relationship
Outliers
Distinct Sub Groups

20
Q

When is Spearman Rank Used?

A

When data is not normally distributed, when a variable is ordinal or a small sample size

21
Q

Define Linear Regression

A

Fitting a straight line to points on scatterplot

22
Q

Define Censoring

A

Leaving the study before the event occurs or entering after

23
Q

Define failure

A

The time the person leaves the study is known, may be due to event or people lost

24
Q

Define Right Censored

A

People did not reach failure before end of study

25
Q

Define Left Censored

A

Not certain what happened to people before they entered study

26
Q

Give a common health related status

A

Death

27
Q

Give three keyword search methods

A 
Truncation (eg. anorexi = anorexia, anorexic)
Adjacency Searching (relate two things together)
Wildcards (eg. behavio?ral = one character or none)
(eg. behavio#ral = one character)
28
Q

Give the common Boolean Searches

A

AND - requires both words to be returned
OR - either terms or both will be returned
NOT - first term is searched and removes any with second term

29
Q

How would you summarise the data of normally distributed data?

A

Mean and Standard Deviation

30
Q

How would you summarise the data of non normally distributed data?

A

Median and IQR

31
Q

What graph would you use to describe the distribution of a continuous variable?

A

Histogram

32
Q

Define Sensitivity

A

Percentage of people who are correctly identified in having the disease
TP/TP+FN

33
Q

Define Specificity

A

Percentage of people who are correctly identified in not having the disease
TN/TN+FP

34
Q

Define Positive Predictive Value

A

Probability of someone having the disease given a positive test result
TP/TP+FP

35
Q

Define Negative Predictive Value

A

Probability of someone not having the disease give a negative test result
TN/TN+FN

36
Q

Define Null Hypothesis

A

Assumes no effect in the population

37
Q

Define Standard Deviation

A

Measure of spread of a distribution

38
Q

Define Statistic

A

Sample estimate from population

39
Q

Define Standard Error

A

Measure of the precision of the sample mean

40
Q

Define Validity

A

Measure accurately what it is meant to measure

Eg. BMI rather than weight as measuring obesity

41
Q

Define Reliability

A

Give same result when retested

42
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

Can detect real changes when they occur

Eg. Continuous QoL scale rather than categorical

43
Q

Define Continuous Data and an example

A

Numerical value with no limitation on values

Eg. Weight, regardless of whole units or not

44
Q

Define Discrete Data and an example

A

Numerical Value with limitations on values

Eg. number of hospital admissions

45
Q

Define Ordinal data and an example

A

Ordered category

Eg. Likert’s scale, stage of disease

46
Q

Define Nominal data and an example

A

Non ordered category

Eg. Blood group, sex

Year 2 RESS (2 decks)

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