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RESS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a population? Why is it rarely used?

A

Every member of a group of interest. Rarely used, cenus because it is not always feasible to this.

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2
Q

What is usually used?

A

A sample which is Representative of the population -select group of the population

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3
Q

What are the two subtypes of categorical data?

A

Nominal - no order i.e. male, female
Vegeterian, meat eater
Ordinal - ordered groups i.e. absent,mild , severe

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4
Q

What can numerical data be divided into?

A

Discrete- can only take whole values e.g. no. of people who attended an event
Continuous- can take any value e.g. height, weight

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5
Q

What is a mean?

A

Average of all numbers.

TOTALLED AND THEN DIVIDED BY NO. OF SUBJECTS

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6
Q

what is the median?

A

Values are ordered and middle value is found.

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7
Q 
What types of data do 
-Bar charts
Pie charts
Histograms
display?
A

bar - categorical, discrete metric
pie -categorical, numerical
histogram- frequency distribution of continuous variables -in ranges

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8
Q

What do frequency tables show?

A

No. for specific groups e.g. blood group
i.e. 100 people with blood type A
50 with blood group B

Can then show relative frequency ( as a percentage)

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9
Q

What is the interquartile range?

A

Range between Q1 and Q3.

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10
Q

Lower quartile is what?

A

the data below the median

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11
Q

what is upper quartile?

A

data above the median

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12
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Measure of spread
- usually for METRIC DATA
measure the distance from data from the mean

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13
Q

Range ?

A

Largest value - smallest value

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14
Q

Why do we want to know the incidence and prevalence within a population?

A

Knowledge- inform decision making, health service resources to be used appropriately, public health

compare - between times, places, other populations.

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15
Q

Epidemiological triad:

A

Time,Place, Person

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16
Q

Define incidence.

A

The no. new cases of disease arising in a population in a given period of time.

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17
Q

What is a term for yearly?

A

annually

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18
Q

What is the incidence rate?

A

No. new of cases of disease arising in a given time/ total no. at risk of the disease in the population ( those who may contract the disease) in a given time.

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19
Q

What needs to be taken into account?

A

age and sex

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20
Q

Prevalence

A

No. of people with a disease in a population is a given time.

point prevalence:

no of people with disease / no. of people in the population in a given time

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21
Q

What is the prevalence for short duration diseases like?

A

lower, since they are easily cured.

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22
Q

What is prevalence most valuable for?

A

chronic diseases -> diabetes for example

enables planning and delivery of services

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23
Q

What features make up prevalence?

A

combination of incidence (add cases), recovery (removes case) , death (removes cases and removes member of the population)

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24
Q

What is adjustment?

A

Refining case fatality rates and mortality rate to better represent data.

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25
Q

What are the purpose of epidemiology study designs?

A

Focus upon the risk of getting a disease amgonst those exposed to a risk factor or treatment and the risk factor for those who are not exposed to the disease or treatment.

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26
Q

What is the risk?

A

no of new cases/ no of those at risk

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27
Q

What is the odds?

A

no of time an event is like to occur/ the no. of times it does not occur

28
Q

odds ratio calculate what?

A

relative risk.

29
Q

Relative risk is 1. what does this mean?

A

The risk/odds in the exposed group = those in the unexposed group

30
Q

Less than 1

A

those in the exposed group are less likely to develop it thus has a protective effect

31
Q

greater than 1

A

indicates harm and are at greater risk of developing the disease

32
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Theory which proposes before or after analysis that two variables may be related to one another (deductive)
or inductive when an explanation can be drawn

33
Q

What is an outcome? what is an exposure?/

A

health or health issue.

factor cause the outcome.

34
Q

null hypothesis is what?

A

event occurred by chance. no effect on result.

35
Q

alternative hypothesis is what?

A

Effect on result- can be positive or negative.

36
Q

What is a linear association?

A

positive - one variable increases the other >1

Negative - one decreases, the other .

37
Q

What is the P value?

A

Determines statistical significance. The lower the P value –> null hypothesis is rejected as it is unlikely to have occurred by chance. The higher the value, the more likely it was to have occurred by chance.

38
Q

What is a linear regression?

A

fitting a straight line to points on a scatterplot

the more points which fit the regression line indicates a more plausiable trend.

39
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

the no. of abnormal results which are correctly identified by the test

true positives/no with disease

40
Q

What is specificity?

A

the no of normally results correctly identified

true negatives./no. without disease

41
Q

positive predictive value?

A

probability someone has the condition if they test positive

A HIV+ test patient actually having HIV

no have disease/ no. test positive

42
Q

negative predicted value?

A

someone doesnt have the disease if they test negative as a probability
The chance someone who comes out negative for HIV, DOESNT have it.

no. without disease/no.test negative

43
Q

primary, second and tertiary prevention?

A
  1. prevent occurrence in the first place in unaffected individuals
  2. screening/treatment early detection
  3. treating clinical cases

diagnostic tests are secondary.

44
Q

What is baselean operation?

A

and - both terms
or -either
and not - one term but if it has other then filter out -can miss good resources by this methods

45
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis

46
Q

type 2 error?

A

failure to reject a false null hypothesis

47
Q

confidence interval?

A

the range of values which the true population is likely to lie within (usually 95% of population it taken to account)

48
Q

What is the process of scientific method?

A

-make an observation, do some research, propose a hypothesis, test hypothesis , analysis data and make a conclusion and then reject/not reject it

49
Q

What is health equity?

A

difference in healthcare across difference populations

50
Q

Health equality is…..

A

socioeconomic differences in healthcare

51
Q

what is a fact?

A

a statement which has been proved true

-degree that disagreement would be preverse

52
Q

scientific law

A

repeat of observations or facts

53
Q

hypothesis

A

testable statement describing an observation

54
Q

a health outcome must be….

A

reliable
valid
responsive

55
Q

truncate symbol is…

A
  • to shorten or reduce a word in a literature search
56
Q

? is what in a literature research

A

used when a single character or no character in the middle of a word

disrupt?r” is going to search for both “disruptor” and “disrupter”.

“organi?ation” is going to search for both “organisation” and “organization”.

the second case (if it’s replacing any number of characters), you can use it like this:

“behavio?r” is going to search for both “behavior” and “behaviour”.

“insta?ment” is going to search for “instalment” and “installment

aids americanenglish words which have diff spellings

57
Q

Use of ADJ …

A

ADJ- words together in a search in same oder
ADJ1 - in either order
ADJn- with both words with (n-1) words between them

58
Q

Use of a # in a literature search

A

some words i.e. organisation or organization

for both spellings

59
Q

What is health economics?

A

Choosing between which wants we can afford given our budget
THUS,
how choices in health and health care should be made between competing needs for resources

assumes resources are scarce
is about benefits
is about evaluating services
is about providing information to assist in the allocation of scare resources

60
Q

Three features making up Health economics

A

Describe: quantify
Predict: identify impact of change
Evaluate: formulate preference over situations

61
Q

The four concepts in health economics…

A

Concept 1: Opportunity cost
Concept 2: Efficiency
Concept 3: Marginal analysis
Concept 4: Equity

62
Q

What is opportunity cost?

A

Opportunity cost is the value of forgone benefit which could be obtained from a resource in its next best alternative use

63
Q

What is efficiency? Whaat are the subtypes?

Define them.

A

Efficiency: maximising the benefit for the resources used
Types of efficiency:
Technical efficiency: meeting a given objective at least cost
e.g. shall surgery for tonsillectomy be provided? By way of day surgery or an inpatient surgery
Allocative efficiency: production that matches consumer demand
e.g. Shall surgery for tonsillectomy be provided or an outpatient clinic for asthma?

64
Q

What is equity?

A

Efficiency” looks at the total benefit without considering who actually benefits.

Equity is another criterion for allocating resources
Who benefits may matter to society.

Equity is concerned with the fairness or justice of the distributions of costs and benefits.

65
Q

What is cost benefit analysis?

A

Compares benefits with costs of an intervention, where all benefits are valued in monetary terms

66
Q

What is cost utility analysis?

A

Cost-utility analysis
interventions compared in terms of cost per quality adjusted life years (QALY)

Compares not just the quantity of life gained after an intervention but also the quality

Utility is a measure of preference

Utility values representing individual preferences can be assigned to health states (usually 1=healthy; 0=dead

67
Q

What is QUALYS?

A

The Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY)

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