responsible design Flashcards
how can we continue sustainability development? [3]
- rethink and regulate consumption
- develop sustainable particles
- ensure demand in future can be met
what 3 factors need to be met to improve sustainability?
- environmental sustainability
- Economic sustainability
- Social sustainability
what is a carbon footprint?
sum of all emissions caused by your activities in one year
what is carbon offsetting?
compensates for CO2 being produced
Factors that contribute to CO2 offsetting?
- planting trees
- using electric vehicles
- renewable energy
- donate to environmental charities
what can impact decisions when making a product?
- energy generation and consumption
- sourcing and use of materials
- disposal of waste and used products
name 7 pollutants
- Carbon dioxide
- Carbon monoxide
- Nitrogen oxides
- Particulates
- Methane [VOCs]
- Petrochemicals
- Biochemicals
What are forests?
carbon sinks
what percentage of CO2 is down to deforestation?
15%
what effects does deforestation have? [4]
- communities displaced
- habitats lost
- soil erosion
- flooding
3 effects of global warming
- melting ice so rising sea levels
- loss of habitats
- Extreme weather
How do plastics impact the ocean? [3]
- trap animals
- microplastics transport bad chemicals
- found on 40% of the ocean surface
How are we tacling the plastic crisis? [4]
- 5p bag tax
- deposit and return schemes in Norway
- bottle recycling scheme
- tax on packaging for takeaways
Who are trying to combat plastic waste?
POSIpot
what is the linear economic model?
take, make and dispose
What are the properties of the linear economic model?
- finite resources
- not made to be reused or recycled
- disposed of in landfill
how does nature work in a circular way?
- plant grows from seeds
- animals feed on plants
- seeds are spread in droppings
- predation allows energy transfer between animals
what does the circular economic model?
re-thinks the reuse of products to re-balance consumption
what are the properties of the circular economic model?
- products maintained and mended
- renewable energy
- sustainable and recyclable materials
What does Little Sun do?
-brings solar energy to people without electricity
what are the positives of little sun?
- reduces CO2 emissions
- social, medical and educational benefits
- affordable energy
what company uses circular economy and how does it work?
Cradle to Cradle
- Reuse waste created
- holistic design approach
- no toxic materials
- cleaning waste water
what are Smile plastics?
100% recycled plastic waste used to make new materials
properties of smile plastics
- create a range of products
- wide range of patterns and colours
- cut and machined
how is Aberporth combatting single use plastics?
- milk in glass bottles
- pubs stop using plastic straws and condiment sashes
- use wooden cutlery
what is M&S plan A?
- no waste to landfill
- recyclable packaging
- sustainably sourced products
- reduced energy consumption
- reduced green house gases
how are highstreets helping to be sustainable?
- old clothes trade in
- refurbish and resell electronics
- buy used books, CDs and Games
how can designers increase sustainability of electronics?
- limiting use of finite resources [metals]
- fewer integrated parts
- use sustainable energy
What are Rare Earth Elements and why are they being reduced?
metal ores used in batteries that have limited recyclability
what are batteries like in modern products?
- rechargeable taking over disposable batteries
- require lots of energy and REEs used to correct battery disposal
what is the problem with integrated packaging?
mixed materials are combined so the are hard to separate
name 4 types of waste
- energy
- material off cuts
- by products
- chemicals
what are the 2 primary costs of waste?
environmental and financial
what costs of manufacture can be made?
- lost revenue
- storage
- disposal
- low efficiency
what are the waste management options in the correct stage order from 1 to 5?
- prevention
- prepare for reuse
- recycling
- other recovery
- disposal
why do companies make their products abroad? [5]
- flexible
- can focus on core business
- utilise large manufacture units
- save on labor costs
- access larger workforces
what is a Life Cycle Assessment? [LCA]
evaluates the potential environmental impact of a product
2 positives of renewable energy
little to no waste
no CO2 produced
what has the development of photovoltaic cells done?
- increased efficiency
- lower costs
how does Hydroelectric power work?
dammed or flowing water is fed or pumped down pipes that drive a water turbine generator
Do hydroelectric plants use or waste water?
no
how do tidal barrages work?
power created by the motion of in and out ocean tides
how does wave power work?
wave energy captured and converts the kinetic energy
what is geothermal energy ?
earths internal heat and pressure harnessed to generate power
what is biomass?
derived from organic material usually obtained from waste
name 4 biomass’s
- vegetable waste from farming
- animal poo
- domestic organic waste
- wood waste from forestry
whats the downfall of renewable energy?
- weather dependent
- challenging to store
- more facilities needed to generate enough energy
how is energy conserved?
- updating old inefficient machines
- reducing product miles
- reuse and repurpose waste
how is waste minimized?
- scrapes reused
- organic waste [biomass] used for energy
- recovering waste and treating water onsite
what areas need management systems?
energy consumption
waste generation
logistics
production
how does increased accuracy and efficiency benefit a business?
- reduce time to market
- competitive advantage
- increased market share
- satisfied customers
how does accuracy and efficiency impact economics?
- reduced expenditure on energy and materials
- reduced manufacture and labour costs
- reduced waste processing and disposal costs
how does accuracy and efficiency impact environment?
- fewer resources used
- less energy used
- lower pollution
- less waste made
what are the stages of a product design specification? [5]
- development
- prototyping
- testing
- production planning
- production
what are working drawings used for?
- show technical details
- help accurate modelling and manufacture
what 7 factors contribute to prototyping/modelling?
- anthropometrics
- ergonomics
- function
- usability
- form
- aesthetics
- tolerances
why is market research used?
gain insights into prototyping products
name 4 allowances for materials
- graphic product has narrow bleed
- wooden joint has overlap
- textiles has seam allowance
- electric wires cut longer
what is Quality Assurance?
a procedure or system which is followed to achieve the desired quality level
what 4 steps does quality assurance include?
- measuring variables
- comparing specifications
- monitoring of the process
- feedback loops to prevent errors
what is quality assurance’s` goal?
defect prevention
what can be used as a simple way to plan manufacture?
flowchart
how do flowcharts help manufacture? [3]
- highlight critical control points
- allow feedback
- help identify problems or bottlenecks
how does a Gantt chart help manufacture? [5]
- shows product phases
- individual tasks
- key milestones
- required resources
- relates time to tasks
what is Kaizen?
improves efficiency and eliminates waste in all areas of production
what 3 factors make kaizen work?
- employee collaboration
- evaluation and innovation
- practical improvement
what is a Total Quality system?
customer focused process centred strategy
what features are involved in a Total quality system? [5]
- integrated strategies and systems
- employee involvement
- communication
- constant feedback
- continued improvement
what is scrum?
quality driven framework for managing product development and problem solving
what is the scrum process?
- scrum initialised by product owner with a product backlog
- scrum master leads team in short sprint tasks
- scrum used meetings to keep on track
what are the 4 types of scrum meeting and what happens at each?
- sprint planning -set up sprint details
- daily stand ups- check its going to plan
- sprint review - deliver results and get feedback
- sprint retrospective - reflect on improvements
what is a sprint backlog?
list of products to produce in next scrum
what is a scrum board?
list of tasks for each member and tracks their progress
what is Six Sigma and what does it refer to?
- aims to improve process and management performance by identifying and removing main cause of error
- refers to the number of allowable defects
how many defects are allowed in Six Sigma?
3.4 defects per million
what 2 methods do businesses use for planning projects?
Project Evaluation and Review Techniques [PERT]
Critical Path Analysis [CPA] or Critical Path Method [CPM]
what are the similarities between PERT and CPM?
- rely on arrow and node programs
- calculates the longest path of all planned activities to an end point
- tasks have FLOAT so can be delayed without delaying the project
what is CPA?
6 step method used to plan sequential activities to give 1 expected time frame
what are the 6 stages of CPA [critical pathway analysis]
- specify each task
- sequence activities
- draw network diagram
- estimate timelines
- identify critical path
- update diagram to show progress
what is PERT?
plans sequential activities but allows for the calculation of a realistic time frame [no single estimate]
what 3 factors are used to estimate a PERT time frame?
- optimistic duration
- most likely duration
- pessimistic duration
what is the final calculation to find the most realistic time frame for PERT?
optimistic duration + 4 most likely+ pessimistic ÷ 6
what 4 steps ensure a quality product is made?
accurate
- measuring
- marking out
- manufacturing
- testing
how can we ensure accurate measuring tools?
accurate reference points [datum] and surfaces for all other measurements to be taken
name some measuring tools [5]
- rulers
- calipers
- digital micrometers
- lazer probe/scanner
- digital test indicator
what can tolerance apply to? [6]
- hole depth
- length
- angle
- thickness
- weight
- elasticity
what equipment can be used to measure tolerances?
Go no go gauge
what is quality control?
ensures standards are being met
what 2 things are measured by quality control?
- dimensional accuracy
- within tolerances
what do visual quality control checks look for?
- materials meet manufacturer requirements
- parts and components within tolerance
- finished product match spec
- products comply with relevant standards
What does Coordinate Measuring Machinery do?
checks measurements of finished components
how does a probe scanner work?
- calibrates pin and has highly sensitive sensors
- tests dimensional accuracy
- scans dynamically or by predetermined points
- allows comparison against 3D CAD models
what machine is used for laser scanning?
non contact coordinate measuring machinery
what does laser scanning do? [4]
- laser reflects off product surface
- thousands of accurate measurements quickly
- creates accurate 3D CAD model
- spot potential wear and tear and predict maintenance
what do non destructive tests do and name 2
check the internal structure of a product to measure wall thickness and internal faults
- x rays
- ultrasound
