Responsible AI

Question 1

Ai in medicine and health care

Answer 1

-Diagnosis
-Prognosis
-Choice of therapy
-Therapeutic decisions

-Assisting during health care or operations
-Development of new drugs or drug repurposing
-Fraud detection

Question 2

Digital tools for skin cancer detection

Answer 2

Been developed since 2000s
- Apps claim to be better than dermatologists
-Aims to enable people to check their skin themselves relieving the need for dermatology

This specific app was found to less accurate for dark skinned individuals

Question 3

AI and Bias

Answer 3

-Bias can be unintentional or intentional
-Historical bias: a system learning from historical data
-Technology acts supposedly neutral
-Intransparency of the outcomes due to AI being a black box

Question 4

Reproduction of inequality through AI

Answer 4

Technology trained with biased datasets can reproduce existing discrimination
Biases via false stereotyping in labels (confirmation bias or social bias)
Lack of completeness of data (sampling bias or representation bias)
Implementation of bias due to context of use

Question 5

Implementation bias

Answer 5

using wrong data for an outcome, e.g. Obermeyer case where less money spent on healthcare for black people was used as proxy for health instead of care needs. (Goal prioritize patients for additional care)-> less documentation of healthcare needs might wrongly be assumed to be more healthy

Question 6

How developers influence technology

Answer 6

Bias from pattern programming:
-race/ethnicity/class
-capability of user
-Designed out of the developers cultural worldview
-Developers focus on product, not context of use
-No/little involvement of end-users in design
-Behavioralist assumptions about future use
-No attention for unanticipated consequences and position in broader political economy

Question 7

Why technology is not neutral

Answer 7

-Society shapes humans
-Humans shape technology
-Technology changes society

Question 8

Technology is culture

Answer 8

-developed by people in certain place, time, and society
-Situated in larger political and societal structures
-Used by different people in their own lifeworlds
-Has unintended consequences
-Changes the way we live together and think
-Reproduces societal inequalities

Question 9

AI from an ethical perspective: values

Answer 9

-[Justice
-Environmental sustainability
-Accountability
-Transparency
-Privacy
-Reliability
(AI ethics impact group 2020)