Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A2 Biology > Responding to the environment > Flashcards

Responding to the environment Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name four different parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Medulla Oblangata
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

This is the area associated with thought, emotions, imagination and reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

This controls the action of smooth muscle in the gut and controls breathing movements and heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

This controls the coordination of movement and posture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

This controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the brain act to co-ordinate conscious muscle movement?

A

Conscious control of movement is achieved by the cerebrum. It contains an area, known as the motor area, which sends electrical impulses to effectors, such as skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the brain act to co-ordinate non-conscious muscle movement?

A

Non-conscious control of movement is achieved by the cerebellum. The cerebellum receives sensory information from the retina, joints and the inner ear in order to co-ordinate the fine movements associated with tension, posture and manipulation of objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of the function of the cerebrum.

A

Controls speech

Controls vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give examples of the function of the medulla oblongata.

A

Contains the cardiovascular control centre

Contains the respiratory centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of the function of the hypothalamus.

A

Involved in the secretion of ADH

Associated with thermoregulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference in structure between a synapse and a neuromuscular junction?

A

Synapse- A junction between two neurones

Neuromuscular junction- A junction between a neurone and a muscle cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What ar the similarities in structure between a synapse and an NMJ?

A
  • Contain mitochondria
  • Contain neurotransmitters stored in vesicles
  • Possess receptors for a neurotransmitter.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the differences between a synapse and an NMJ?

A
  • Different shaped membranes (NMJ wavy)
  • Different shaped receptors
  • Enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters are stored in different places.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do animals have a nervous system?

A

A nervous system allows for communication between receptors and effectors, so that animals can respond to a changing external environment or internal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the PNS split into?

A

Somatic nervous system (voluntary) and Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the ANS split into?

A

Parasympathetic NS and the Sympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the CNS found?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the PNS found?

A

Sensory neurones and motor neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the SNS found?

A

Sensory neurones and motor neurones connected to skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the ANS found?

A

Motor neurones:

  • Connected to glands
  • Connected to smooth muscle
  • Connected to cardiac muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

It is a collection of neurone cell bodies that lie outside the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of interaction does the Para NS and the SNS have?

A

Antagonistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the similarities in function between a synapse and NMJ?

A
  • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap and bind to complementary-shaped receptors.
  • Synapses and NMJ contain enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters.
  • Depolarisation occurs on the post-synaptic membrane and the motor end plate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the differences in function between a synapse and NMJ?

A
  • NMJ always release acetylcholine, synapses can release different types of neurotransmitters.
  • NMJ results in muscle contraction, synopsis result in propagation of a nerve impulse.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is innervated by the ANS and SNS?

A

ANS- Cardiac and smooth muscle

SNS- Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ligament

A

A fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tendon

A

A fibrous tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Joint

A

The point of connection between two or more bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A viscous liquid that lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces of joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cartilage

A

Pads where bones meet that reduce friction as bones move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the features of a sarcomere?

A 
H-Zone
I- band
A-zone
Z-line
M-line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Consists mainly of thick (myosin) filaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the I band?

A

Consists of thin (actin) filaments.

35
Q

What is the A band?

A

Consists of overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.

36
Q

What happens to the parts of a sarcomere during contraction?

A

A-band- stays the same
I-band decreases in length
H-zone- decrease (disappears)

37
Q

What is the cell structure of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Multinucleate cells
  • Striated cells
  • Cells are cylindrical in shape
38
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

To move bones

39
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A
  • Uninucleate cells
  • Non-striated cells
  • Cells are spindle-shaped
40
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A
  • Involved in vasodilation and vasoconstriction
  • Involved with uterine contractions
  • Involved with peristalsis
  • Involved with constriction/dilation of the iris
41
Q

What is the cell structure of cardiac muscles?

A
  • Uninucleate cells
  • Striated cells
  • Cells are branched with intercalated discs
42
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscles?

A

-To pump blood around the body

43
Q

How does the nervous system influence the fight-orflight response?

A

Sympathetic pathway becomes more active. Secretes norepinephrine at NMJ.

44
Q

What is the physiological response to a calm mammal?(8)

A
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Weaker contractions
  • Decreased breathing rate
  • Shallow breathing
  • Glycogenesis
  • Increased peristalsis
  • Increased secretion of enzymes
  • Decreased blood flow
45
Q

What is the physiological response to a stressed mammal?(8)

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Stronger contractions
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Deep breathing
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Decreased peristalsis
  • Decreased secretion of enzymes
  • Increased blood flow
46
Q

How do the nervous and hormonal systems work together in a fight-or-flight response?

A

The action of the adrenaline and the autonomic nervous system work together to increase the flow of oxygenated blood to the muscle cells.
This increases the rate of aerobic respiration in muscle fibres.

47
Q

What effect does the fight-or-flight response have on cardiac muscle?

A

Heart contracts more rapidly

Heart contracts more forcefully

48
Q

What effect does the fight-or-flight response have on smooth muscle?

A

Iris constrict
Airways relax
Skin arterioles constrict

49
Q

What effect does the fight-or-flight response have on skeletal muscle?

A

Blood flow to skeletal muscles increases.

50
Q

What are properties of innate behaviour?

A
  • Genetically-determined, passed directly from parents to offspring via reproduction. (instinctive)
  • Fixed and rigid. Patterns of this behaviour are the same in all members of the species. (stereotypical)
51
Q

What are advantages of innate behaviour?

A
  • Behaviour is performed correctly
  • Suit species that have short life-spans
  • Lack parental care
  • Require a simple nervous system
52
Q

What are properties of learned behaviour?

A
  • Influenced by genetic factors and the environment. Passed on to offspring by teaching and observing.
  • Patterns of this behaviour show some variation between members of the same species. (variable)
  • Requires complex NS
53
Q

What are advantages of learned behaviour?

A
  • Suits species with long life-spans
  • Good degree of parental care
  • Allows individual to respond to a changing environment.
54
Q

Innate behaviour: Reflex+ reason

A

An automatic response to a stimulus.

-This helps to avoid the risk of predation.

55
Q

Innate behaviour: Taxis +reason

A

A directional response to a stimulus

-This increases the chances of locating food resources.

56
Q

Innate behaviour: Kinesis+ reason

A

A non-directional response to a stimulus

-This helps to keep the organism within favourable environmental conditions.

57
Q

Innate behaviour: Fixed action pattern(FAP)+reason

A

A complex set of behaviours that must be completed perfectly without any teaching.
- This reduces inter-specific competition for food resources.

58
Q

Habituation

A

This is when an individual learns to ignore a stimulus because repeated exposure results in neither rewards nor punishments.

59
Q

Imprinting

A

This is when young animals associate the first individual they see as their parents.

60
Q

Classical conditioning

A

This is when an animal learns to associate certain stimuli with a reflex response.

61
Q

Operant conditioning

A

This is when an animal learns a set of responses based on positive reinforcement (a reward) or negative reinforcement (a punishment)

62
Q

Latent learning

A

This is when an animal explores its surroundings to find out information. The information it learns may become useful in the future.

63
Q

Insightful learning

A

This is when an animal thinks independently and uses reasoning to solve a problem. Learning occurs “spontaneously”, which means there was no training involved or any prior trail and error experience.

64
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that usually causes a reflex response

65
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus that does not usually illicit a reflex response

66
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus that will illicit the same reflex response as an unconditioned stimulus.

67
Q

Conditioned response

A

A reflex response to a certain stimulus.

68
Q

Explain why plants need to respond to their environment in term of the need to avoid predation and abiotic stress.

A
  • Plants carry out a number of responses to their environment to ensure their survival, (e.g avoiding pollutants, deterring herbivores, maximising light absorbance.)
  • Plants need to be sensitive to a range of stimuli
  • Multicellular-cell signalling
  • Have hormones, chemical messengers that have target sites.(growth factors)
69
Q

How can hormones move around the plant?

A
  • Active transport
  • Diffusion
  • Mass flow in the xylem and phloem.
70
Q

Tropism

A

A directional growth response in which the direction of the response is determined by the direction of the external stimulus.

71
Q

Name examples of different tropisms

A

Phototropism
Chemotropism
Geotropism
Thigmotropism

72
Q

What does Auxin do?

A
  • Involved in cell elongation
  • Inhibits leaf abscission
  • Inhibits growth of side shoots
73
Q

What are the commercial uses of Auxins?

A
  • Taking cuttings: root powder, which encourages root formation
  • Seedless fruit
  • Herbicides
74
Q

What does gibberellins do?

A

Seed germination

Stem growth

75
Q

What are the commercial uses of gibberellins?

A

Fruit production
Brewing
Sugar production
Plant breeding

76
Q

What do cytokinins do?

A

Cell division

77
Q

What are the commercial uses of cytokinins?

A

Prevents yellowing of cut lettuce leaves

Tissue cultures-helps promote root and shoot growth by cell division

78
Q

What does ethene do?

A

Fruit ripening

79
Q

What are the commercial uses of ethene?

A

Preventing fruit ripening

80
Q

What does abscisic acid do?

A

Inhibits seed germination
Inhibits growth
Causes stomata closure when water availability is low

81
Q

What is the commercial use of abscisic acid?

A

Seed storage

82
Q

How does Auxin cause cell elongation?

A
  1. Activates ATPase
  2. ATPase pumps H+ into cellulose cell wall.
  3. The build of H+ decreases the pH of the cell wall to the optimum pH of the enzyme Expanase.
  4. The enzyme breaks down the cell wall.
  5. More water moves into the cell and becomes turgid.
83
Q

Outline the role of hormones in leaf loss in deciduous plants.

A
  • Cytokinins in the leaf act as the nutrient sink in the lead preventing senescence.
  • If cytokinin levels in the leaf drop then nutrients levels in the leaf drop.
  • decrease in cytokinins= senescence= L auxins= H ethene

A2 Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions