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Life Science P1 > Responding To The Environment > Flashcards

Responding To The Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus

A

Is an incoming message from the external

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2
Q

Intergrative

A
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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

A network of nerve tissues that are responsible for sending and receiving impulses in order to coordinative activities

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4
Q

Brain

A
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5
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that surround and protect the CNS

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6
Q

Cranium

A

A part of the skull that encloses the brain in order to provide protection

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7
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Acts as a shock absorber and prevents dehydration

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8
Q

Cerebrum

A

Controls all voluntary movements
Interprets all sensations
Higher thought process(memories)

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9
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements
Controls balance and equilibrium

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10
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the left and the right hemisphere to allow communication between them

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions (such as heartbeat and breathing)

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12
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland that secretes a variety of hormones

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls thirst, emotion, sleep, body temperature and hormone secretion

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system which consists of cranial and spinal nerves

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Receives information from sensory organs and the brain in order to enable the body to react to change in the external environment

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary actions

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17
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that increases the heartbeat and breathing rate

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18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system that decreases the heartbeat and breathing rate back to normal

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19
Q

Neuron

A

Structural unit of the nervous system that receives and transmits impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

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20
Q

Relax action

A

Is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus received by an organ or other receptor

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21
Q

Reflex arc

A

The path taken by an impulse in bringing about a response to a stimulus during a reflex action

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22
Q

Receptor

A

Specialised cells that detect a variety of different stimuli and convert them into nerve impulse
eg eye, nose, ear, tongue and hand

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23
Q

Dorsal root

A

Contains incoming sensory neuron

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24
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Transmits impulses from receptors to CNS

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25
Dorsal root ganglion
Contains the cell body of the sensory neuron
26
Interneuron
Transmits impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron
27
Central canal
Contains cerebrospinal fluid
28
Grey matter
Consists of cell bodies and dendrites of numerous axons
29
White matter
Consists of myelinated axons of numerous neuron
30
Spinal cord
Transmits impulses between the brain and the rest of the body
31
Synaptic gap
Controls one-directional transmission of impulses
32
Motor neuron
Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector
33
Ventral root
Contains outgoing motor neurons
34
Effector
An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus eg muscle, muscle cells and glands
35
What are the disorders in the CNS
Multiple sclerosis Alzheimer's disease
36
What does the CNS consist of ??
Brain Spinal cord
37
What protects the brain
Cranium Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid
38
What protects the spinal cord
Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid
39
What causes multiple sclerosis
When the body's own immune system destroys the myelin sheath
40
Effects of multiple sclerosis
Muscle weakness Speech difficulties Visual problems
41
What causes Alzheimer's disease
A irreversible neuro-degenerative disease that damages the brain
42
Effects of Alzheimer's disease
Memory loss Diminished intellectual capacity Loss of judgement
42
Consequence when Cerebrum is damaged
Failure to interpret sensation and inability to perform voluntary actions and higher thought processes
43
Consequences when Cerebellum is damaged
Failure to maintain balance and lack of coordination of voluntary actions
44
Consequences when Medulla oblongata is damaged
Difficulties in breathing may lead to death
45
Consequences when Sensory neuron is damaged
Loss of sensation Impulses will not be travel to the CNS
45
Consequences when Spinal cord is damaged
Paralysis as no impulses will be transmitted between the brain and the body
46
Consequences when Interneuron is damaged
Loss of both sensation and ability to respond
47
Consequences when Motor neuron is damaged
Impulse will not be transmitted to the effector and there will be no response
48
Accommodation
The series of changes that take place in the shape of the lens and the eyeball in response to the distance of an object from the eye
49
Cornea
52
Aqueous humour
53
Pupil
54
Iris
55
Ciliary muscle
56
Suspensory ligament
57
Lens
58
Vitreous humour
59
Blind spot
60
Optic nerve
61
Yellow spot
62
Retina
63
Choroid
64
Sclera
65
Radial muscle
66
Circular muscle
67
Bright light
• Radial muscle relax • Circular muscle of the iris contract • Pupil constricts • Less light enters the eye
68
Dim light
• Radial muscle contract • Circular muscle of the iris relax • Pupil dilate • More light enters the eye
69
Distance vision (6m or more)
• Circular muscle relaxes • Suspensory ligaments became taut • Tension on the lens increases • Lens become less convex • Less refraction • An image of the object falls on the retina
70
Near vision (Less than 6m)
• Ciliary muscle contract • Suspensory ligaments slacken • Tension on the lens is reduced • Lens become more convex • more refraction • An image of the object falls on the retina
71
Cause of short sightedness
• Inability of the lens to become more flat • Eyeball is longer than normal • Lens bends light too much • Light falls in front of the retina
72
Treatment of short sightedness
Glasses with concave lens
73
Short sightedness
• Can see near objects clearly • Image forms before retina
74
Long sightedness
• Can see objects that are far away • Image falls behind the retina
75
76
Causes of long sightedness
• Inability of the lens to become more convex • Eyeball is shorter than normal • Lens does not bend light rays enough • Light falls behind the retina
77
Treatment for long sightedness
Glasses with a convex lens
78
Astigmatism
A disorder of the eye caused by the curvature of the lens or cornea being uneven resuin distorted images
79
Treat of astigmatism
• Glasses with lens shaped to correct distortion • Surgery
80
Cataracts
Defect of the eye due to a clouding of the eye's normal,clear,transparent lens affecting acuity of vision
81
Treatment of cataracts
• Cataracts removed surgically • Lens replacement
82
Pinna
Directs sound waves to the auditory canal
83
Auditory canal
Directs sound waves to the tympanum
84
Tympanic membrane
Converts sound waves into vibrations and transmits them to the middle ear
85
Ossicles
Amplify vibrations to the oval window
86
Oval window
Converts vibration into pressure waves and transmits them to the inner ear
87
Round window
Relieves pressure from the inner ear to prevent an echo in the inner ear
88
Eustachian tube
Equalises pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
89
Cochlea
Contains organ of corti
90
Auditory nerve
Transmits impulses to the cerebrum
91
Semi-circular canals
Contains cristae and maculae which are responsible for restoring balance and equilibrium
92
Organ of corti
Converts sound stimulus into an impulse
93
Amplification of sound
• The sound vibrations are transmitted from the large tympanic membrane • to the smaller oval window • through the ossicles • which are arranged from largest to smallest • thus concentrates the vibrations and amplifying them
94
Hearing
• Pinna traps and directs the sound waves • into the ear canal • this causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate • the vibration is transmitted to the auditory ossicles • the ossicles amplify the vibration • and transmit it to the oval window • the oval window vibrates creating waves • in the endolymph of the cochlea • which stimulates the organ of corti • to convert the wave into an impulse • the impulse travels along the auditory nerve • to the cerebrum where it is interpreted as the roar of the lion
95
Change in posture/ position of the head
• A change in position of the head in space • stimulates the maculae • in the utriculus and succulus • the stimulus is converted to an impulse • the impulse is transmitted to the cerebellum • via the auditory nerve • the cerebellum sends impulses to the muscles to restore posture
96
Change in speed and direction
• A change in speed/ direction of movement • stimulates the cristae • in the semi-circular canals • the stimulus is converted to an impulse • the impulse is transmitted to the cerebellum • via the auditory nerve • the cerebellum sends impulses to.the muscles to restore balance
97
Ossicles are divided into three small bones
• Hammer • Anvil • Stirrup
98
How is pressure equalized in the ear
• Excess pressure in the inner ear is eased through the round window • and exits through the eustachian tube
99
Middle ear infection
Bacterial infection that disturbs the functioning of the eustachian tube blocked by fluid
100
Treatment of middle ear infection
• Inserting a grommet • Antibiotics
101
Causes of deafness
• Injury to parts of the ear • Injury to parts of the brain responsible for hearing • Hardened wax • Fused ossicles
102
Treatment for deafness
• Hearing aids • Cochlear implants
103
Functions of a grommet
• Allows air to enter the middle ear, thereby taking over the function of the eustachian tube • Allows excess fluid to drain from the middle ear
104

Life Science P1 (5 decks)

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