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Respirtory Flashcards

1
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Volume that can be forcibly inhaled after tidal inhalation

3,000 mL

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2
Q

Tidal Volume (Vt)

A

Volume that enters and exits the lungs during normal tidal breathing

500 mL

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3
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Volume that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal exhalation

1,100 mL

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4
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume that remains in lungs after complete exhalation (cannot be exhaled)

1,200 mL

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5
Q

Closing volume (CV)

A

The volume above residual volume where the small airways begin to close

~ 30% of TLC at 20 y/o
~ 50% of TLC at 70 y/o

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6
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

RV + ERV + Vt + IRV

5,800 mL

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7
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

ERV + Vt + IRV

4,600 mL (65-75 mL/kg)

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8
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Vt + IRV

3,500 mL

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9
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

RV + ERV

2,300 mL (35 mL/kg)

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10
Q

Closing capacity (CC)

A

Absolute volume of gas contained in the lungs when the small airways close

Variable

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11
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Obesity

A

⬇️

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12
Q

What does it do to FRC?

GA

A

⬇️

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13
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Pregnancy

A

⬇️

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14
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Neonate

A

⬇️

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15
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Advanced age

A

⬆️

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16
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Supine

A

⬇️

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17
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Lithotomy

A

⬇️

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18
Q

What does it do to FRC?

T-burg

A

⬇️

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19
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Prone

20
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Sitting

21
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Lateral

A

0 / ⬆️

22
Q

What does it do to FRC?

NMBs

23
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Light anesthesia

24
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Excessive IVF

25
Q

What does it do to FRC?

High FiO2

A

⬇️

(Absorption atelectasis > conversion of low V/Q unit > shunt unit)

FiO2 </= 80% at emergence + PEEP or CPAP ⬇️ atelectasis

26
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Poor pulmonary compliance

27
Q

What does it do to FRC?

COPD

A

⬆️

(Air trapping > ⬆️ RV > ⬆️ FRC)

28
Q

What does it do to FRC?

PEEP

29
Q

What does it do to FRC?

Sigh breaths

30
Q

Factors that ⬆️ closing volume (6)

A

CLOSE-P

  1. COPD
  2. LV failure
  3. Obesity
  4. Surgery
  5. Extremes of age
  6. Pregnancy
31
Q

Calculate time until patient desaturates

A

Time until desat = FRC / VO2

32
Q

Consequences of aging on lung volumes and capacities (4)

A
  1. Increased FRC
  2. Increased CC
  3. Increased RV
  4. Decreased VC
33
Q

Oxygen content formula

A

Measure of how much O2 is present in 1 deciliter (100 mL) of blood

CaO2 = (1.34 x Hgb x SaO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)

Reference value = 20 mL O2/dL

34
Q

Oxygen delivery equation

A

Oxygen delivery tells us how fast a quantity of O2 is delivered to tissues

DO2 = CaO2 x CO x 10

Reference value = 1,000 mL O2/min

35
Q

Oxygen consumption equation

A

Oxygen consumption is the difference between the amount of O2 that leaves the lungs and the amount of O2 that returns to the lungs

VO2 = CO x (CaO2 - CvO2) x 10

Reference value = 250 mL/min or 3.5 mL/kg/min

36
Q

2 Ways that O2 is transported in the blood

A
  1. Reversibly binds to Hgb (97%)
  2. Dissolves in the plasma (3%)
37
Q

Normal Hgb and HCT

A

Male: 15 g/dL and 45%

Female: 13 g/dL and 39%

38
Q

Oxygen is ______x less soluble than CO2

39
Q

8 things that cause a left shift (decreased P50/increased affinity for O2) in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve:

A
  1. Alkalosis (increased pH)
  2. Decreased temperature
  3. Decreased 2,3-DPG
  4. Decreased CO2
  5. Decreased H+
  6. Fetal Hgb / Hgb F
  7. Methemoglobin / HgbMet
  8. Carboxyhemoglobin / HgbCO
40
Q

5 things that cause a right shift (increased P50/decreased affinity for O2) in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve:

A
  1. Acidosis (Decreased pH)
  2. Increased temperature
  3. 2,3 DPG
  4. Increased CO2
  5. Increased H+
41
Q

Bohr effect describes ______ carriage…

A

Oxygen

The Bohr effect says that CO2 and decreased pH cause the erythrocytes to release O2.

42
Q

Haldane effect describes ______ carriage…

A

CO2

The Haldane effect says that O2 causes the erythrocytes to release CO2 (deoxygenated blood can carry more CO2)

43
Q

Hypercapnia = PaCO2 > _______

44
Q

3 Causes of hypercapnia:

A
  1. Increased CO2 production
  2. Decreased CO2 elimination
  3. Rebreathing
45
Q

Respiratory pacemaker is the _________________________

A

Dorsal respiratory center

(Recent evidence says the pre-Botzinger complex which the DRG is a part of)

46
Q

Nerves that makes up the afferent limb of the carotid bodies

A

Herring’s nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)

47
Q

Peripheral chemo receptors in the carotid bodies primarily respond to __________

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