Respirotoxicity Flashcards
What is the primary site of gas exchange in the body?
The lungs are the primary site of gas exchange, O2, and CO2.
What type of epithelium is found in the upper tract of the respiratory system?
The upper tract of the respiratory system is pseudo-stratified in the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi.
What are ciliated cells responsible for?
Ciliated cells have fine hairs that beat to expel debris into the throat.
What do goblet cells produce?
Goblet cells produce mucous.
What are clara cells?
Clara cells are non-ciliated, major cells of terminal bronchioles with the highest levels of P450 enzymes that differentiate into other cell types and secrete surfactant/mucous.
What is the function of type 1 alveolar pneumocytes?
Type 1 alveolar pneumocytes cover large surface areas for gas exchange.
What do type 2 alveolar pneumocytes secrete?
Type 2 alveolar pneumocytes secrete surfactant proteins that maintain the openness of the lungs.
What do smooth muscle cells control?
Smooth muscle cells control the diameter of the airways.
What is the resting breathing rate?
The resting breathing rate is 12-20 bpm.
What happens during inhalation?
The diaphragm and ribs contract, causing the lungs to passively expand and elastically contract; gas exchange follows gradients.
What are the ventilatory subunits of the lungs?
The ventilatory subunits of the lungs are alveoli, tiny sacs of air with associated capillaries.
What does the gas exchange region consist of?
The gas exchange region consists of terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, blood vessels, and lung interstitium.
What are the major cell types of the alveoli?
The major cell types of the alveoli include type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, capillaries, and interstitium.
What allows us to assess homogeneity in healthy lung tissue?
Functional imaging allows us to assess homogeneity in healthy lung tissue.
What does Xe129 allow?
Xe129 allows visualization of the lung airways.
What can the Ga68-CBP8 probe label?
The Ga68-CBP8 probe can label collagen, which shouldn’t be seen in healthy lungs.
What accompanies the decline of lung function?
The decline of lung function is accompanied by histological changes in the lungs.
What is pneumoconiosis?
Pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of dust leading to interstitial fibrosis.
What is silicosis?
Silicosis is caused by silica (SiO2) exposure from quartz mining, masonry, and sandblasting.
What is asbestosis?
Asbestosis is caused by asbestos exposure in manufacturing and construction.
What is byssinosis?
Byssinosis is caused by inhalation of plant particles such as cotton, hemp, and flax.
What is the acute airway response?
The acute airway response is the reflexive contraction of smooth muscle cells after toxicant exposure, leading to decreased airflow and increased mucous secretion.
What characterizes chronic airway response?
Chronic airway response is characterized by increased sensitivity to bronchoconstriction, leading to asthma and reduced lung elasticity.
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
COPD is a progressive irreversible obstruction of airflow.
What is the effect of asbestos exposure?
Asbestos exposure can lead to lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma.
What is mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma is cancer of the protective pleural mesothelium lining of the lungs, not related to smoking.
What are the three main mechanisms of asbestos toxicity?
The three main mechanisms of asbestos toxicity are surface Fe reactivity inducing ROS, activation of alveolar macrophages, and overproduction of ROS in mitochondria.
What does asbestos induce?
Asbestos induces free radical production.
What does paramagnetic resonance spectrometry detect?
Paramagnetic resonance spectrometry detects unpaired electrons/free radical production.
What happens to free radicals in the presence of EDTA or DES chelators?
No free radicals are detected in the presence of EDTA or DES chelators.
What do both asbestos types create in the presence of H2O2?
Both asbestos types create hydroxyl radicals in the presence of H2O2 and a reducing agent.
What does asbestos induce in alveolar macrophages?
Asbestos induces apoptosis via p53 activation.
What prevents asbestos-induced p53 apoptosis?
Pre-treatment with phytic acid or iron chelator prevents asbestos-induced p53 apoptosis.
What role do alveolar macrophages play?
Alveolar macrophages play a role in pro-inflammatory signaling.
What happens during frustrated phagocytosis?
Frustrated phagocytosis traps macrophages in lung tissue, leading to pro-inflammatory trigger release.
What are the end results of pro-inflammatory signaling from macrophages bursting?
The end results are fibrosis and cancer.
What can induce mitochondrial ROS production?
Asbestos can induce mitochondrial ROS production in key cells, leading to fibrosis.
What are major sources of asbestos-induced ROS production?
Major sources include macrophages, epithelial, and mesothelial cells.
What reduces ROS production in the presence of asbestos?
Mitochondrial electron transport chain loss of function reduces ROS production.
What happens when H2O2 production in mitochondria is blocked?
Blocking H2O2 production in mitochondria mitigates asbestosis.
What happens to asbestos fibers that are internalized?
Internalized asbestos fibers may come into physical contact with mitochondria to cause effects.
What is the role of TNF alpha in fibrosis?
TNF alpha is critical in facilitating the phase change from early to late phase in fibrosis.
What causes environmental pollution?
Environmental pollution can supply ozone production.
How is ozone generated?
Ozone is generated via photolysis of smog in the lower atmosphere.
What are sources of NO2?
Sources of NO2 include burning fossil fuels, coal, and wood.
What does ozone react with in the airways?
Ozone reacts with PUFAs in airways, propagating lipid radicals.
What is the pro-inflammatory process stimulated by ozone?
The pro-inflammatory process stimulated by ozone involves TNF alpha, which can trigger death receptor signaling.
What are the characteristics of sulfur dioxide (SO2)?
SO2 is colorless, pungent, very water-soluble, and carcinogenic.
What happens when SO2 reacts with singlet oxygen?
SO2 + singlet oxygen produces SO3 free radicals, leading to lipid peroxidation.
What is the effect of aerosolized silica on lung function?
Aerosolized silica is associated with decreased FEV1 and FVC and higher PEF but shorter duration.
