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DT3- EXAM 2 > Respiratory Viral Infections 2 (3)-Melissa** > Flashcards

Respiratory Viral Infections 2 (3)-Melissa** Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 examples of respiratory infections (that can be caused by viruses):

A
  1. rhinitis/ sinusitis
  2. Pharyngitis
  3. Tracheitis
  4. Bronchitis
  5. Bronchiolitis
  6. Pneumonia
    (Pneumonia is typically interstitial; note that viral pneumonia predisposes to bacterial pneumonia = more severe)
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2
Q

How are viral respiratory tract infections transmitted?
How is the location of viral infection determined?
Is viremia usually involved?

A

Viral RTI’s transmitted via droplet infection

  • Cells infected determined by Tropism
  • Typically infect epithelial lining + regional LNs
  • Viremia NOT typically involved
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3
Q

Describe the sequence of events that lead to symptomatic viral RTIs: (5)

A
  1. Virus binds strongly to receptor–>
  2. Mucocilliary system can’t clear virus–>
  3. Infected cell lysis–>
  4. Bradykinin + other inflammatory products released–>
  5. Symptoms ensue!
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4
Q

How long is typical incubation for viral RTIs with and without viremia involved?

A

Without viremia: SHORT (1-3 days)

With viremia: LONG (week-weeks)

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5
Q

Describe the rare process by which respiratory viral infections can cause secondary infection:

A

RVI–>
Viremia–>
Virus tropic to new tissue–>
Immunopath. Response

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6
Q

List the 6 viruses mentioned that cause respiratory infection without secondary infection:

A
  1. Picornaviridae
  2. Orthomyxovirus*
  3. Coronavirus
  4. Reovirus*
  5. Adenovirus
  6. Paramyxovirus

tu POC cant RAP when he’s got a cold!!!!!

*Fenger is just trying to be “inclusive”

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7
Q 
Paramyxoviridae Family: 
Genome
Capsid 
Envelope 
Replication location
A
  • (-) ssRNA, nonsegmented
  • Helical nucleocapsid w/ RNA-dep RNAP
  • Envelope w/ 1-2 glycoprotein spikes
  • cytoplasmic replication
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8
Q

What are the 7 possible paramyxovirus structural proteins and what are their roles in the viral life cycle?

A 
NC = nucleoprotein  
L + P = RNA-dep RNAP 
M = matrix (4)
H or HN = attachment 
F = fusion (3)

3 are membrane proteins, 4 are inside!

Note: each virus has 6!

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9
Q

Paramyxoviridae Glycoprotein HN: describe its role

A 
H = hemagluttinin (facilitates ATTACHMENT to host cell)
N = neuraminidase (cleave sialic acid, neuronic acid in mucin= ^^VIRULENCE)
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10
Q

Paramyxoviridae Glycoprotein H: describe its role

A
  • hemagluttinin without neuraminidase

- only facilitates attachment to host surface

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11
Q

Paramyxoviridae Glycoprotein F: describe its role (2)

What is required for it to be functional?

A
  • facilitates FUSION with host cell membrane
  • facilitates SYNCITIA, formation of prokaryocytes
  • requires proteolytic CLEAVAGE (like flu H)
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12
Q

Which GENUS and SPECIES of the Paramyxoviridae family causes Croup/ related infections?

What type of glycoproteins does this virus have? (2)

A
  • Paramyxovirus genus–> Parainfluenza species

- HN, F glycoproteins

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13
Q

How does Type 1 Parainfluenza Virus affect:
Infants (2)
Children (1)
Adults (4)

A
  • Infants: ARD (Acute respiratory distress), pneumonitis
  • Children: Bronchiolitis
  • Adults: colds, coryza, pharyngitis, bronchitis

Infection moves UP the respiratory tract with age, babies get LRIs, kids get bronchiolitis, adults get bronchitis/ URIs!!

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14
Q

How does Type 2 Parainfluenza Virus infection manifest?

A

All get Laryngotrachiobronchitis (CROUP)

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15
Q

How do Type 3 and 4 Parainfluenza Virus infections manifest (3)?

Which typically infects patients first?

A

ARD, bronchitis, pneumonia

Typically Type 3 infects FIRST (50% kids get it by 1 yoa)–>
Types 1, 2, 4 infect later

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16
Q

Describe the immune defense against parainfluenza virus.
How are IgA and IgG involved?
Is viremia necessary for disease?

A
  • Short lived IgA mediates majority of immunity
  • Maternal IgG NOT helpful
  • Viremia is NOT necessary for disease
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17
Q

Which genus in the family Paramixoviridae is responsible for causing RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)?

Which glycoproteins does this virus have?

A
  • Pneumovirus genus causes RSV

- F glycoprotein ONLY (syncitia formation)

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18
Q

How does Pneumovirus (RSV) manifest in:
Infants
Other age groups

A 
#1 cause LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION in infants
- WORSE infection under 8mos

Older age groups: Winter URTI + LRTI (more immunocomp.)

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19
Q

Describe the role of IgA and maternal IgG in defense against RSV:

A
  • IgA mediated immunity

- IgG can be DETRIMENTAL to baby due to immune complex formation and deposition (Type III hypersensitivity)

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20
Q

How are babies at high risk of pneumovirus (RSV) infection treated? (2)

A

Intravenous:

  1. RSV-Ig
  2. Anti-RSV MAbs
21
Q

How are CHILDREN at high risk for pneumovirus (RSV) infection treated?

A

Monthly Palivizumab (MAB) infusions

22
Q

What is Human Metapneumovirus

A
  • part of pneumovirus genus

- RSV-like imposter in kiddos under 5 yoa

23
Q

Is the killed RSV vaccine a good treatment?

A

NO. Causes immune complex formation. Very dangerous.

24
Q

Describe the Picornaviridae genome and structure (capsid, envelope?).

Which are acid labile/ stable?

A
  • (+) ssRNA, nonsegmented
  • icosahedral capsid
  • NO ENVELOPE

Enterovirus: acid stable
Rhinovirus: acid LABILE

25
Q

What are the 4 key genera in the picornaviridae family?

A
  1. Coxsackie
  2. Echovirus
  3. Enterovirus
  4. Rhinovirus

In PicORNaviridae (porn), Rhino Cocks Enter with an ECHO.

26
Q

Coxsackie A:
Where do all infections BEGIN?
2 super high yield infections caused by these viruses?

Remind yourself of three other associated diseases:

A

ALL infections begin in resp. system

  1. Common cold
  2. HFM disease

Also: herpangina + pharangytis w. posterior enanthem; summer grippe; hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

27
Q

What exactly IS Hand Foot Mouth disease?

A

Disease lesions on palms and soles, throughout mouth (enanthem); no crusting of exanthem

28
Q

Coxsackie B:
How many subtypes?
Where do all infections begin?
1 super high yield infection caused by these viruses?

Remind yourself of 5 other associated diseases:

A

6 subtypes

  • ALL infections begin in resp system
  • Causes common cold

Also: neonatal myocardial/ pericardial disease; summer grippe; epidemic myalgia; aseptic meningitis; maculopapular rash

29
Q

When do most coxsackie infections occur?

How is the virus isolated from infected patients?

A
  • Summer, fall

- Throat swab&raquo_space;> feces&raquo_space;> CSF

30
Q

Echoviruses:

What type infection do these cause? (3)

A
  • Respiratory infections (start in epithelial cells)
  • Aseptic meningitis
  • Summer fever/ MP rash
31
Q

What is the significance of Enterovirus TypeD68?

A
  • Causes SEVERE respiratory illness in kiddos

- WORSE with asthma

32
Q

How many serotypes are there of rhinovirus and what type of infection do these viruses cause?
Describe the typical clinical course:

A

100+ serotypes
Causes common cold!
24 hour incubation–> rhinitis w. little to no fever–> self limiting course

33
Q

Why is vaccine not possible for rhinovirus? (3)

A
  1. IgA has limited immunity
  2. virus does not culture well
  3. too many serotypes
34
Q

Coronaviridae Family:

Genome + structure

A
  • Remember, piCORna and CORona have the same CORE! (+ssRNA)!
  • Corona = crown in spanish!!
  • CORONAviridae is the king, because he has a HUGE genome, largest of these viruses.
  • HELICAL nucleocapsid
  • Envelope with 2 glycoproteins that form peplomers
35
Q

Describe replication of Coronaviridae family viruses:
Host cell receptor
Location replication
Envelope + peplomer acquisition

Does the virus make cytopathic effect?

A
  1. Binds METALLOPROTEASE receptor + NEURAMINIC ACID co-receptor on host cell–>
  2. CYTOPLASMIC replication via replicative intermediates–>
  3. Budding at ER (envelope)–>
  4. Egression at Golgi (peplomers)

*No CPE or replication in culture!!

36
Q

Excluding SARS, what type of infections are caused by Coronaviridae family viruses?
How many antigenic types of viruses are there in this family?

How do these infections typically present?

A

5 antigenic groups: cause GI and Resp infections

Respiratory infections typically present as AFEBRILE bronchitis, pharyngitis, or common cold

37
Q

Which family of viruses encompasses the SARS virus?

How did this virus originate and become virulent towards humans?

A

Coronaviridae Family

Asian infected civit cats and bats–> mutation–> ww SARS outbreak

38
Q

What is the host cell receptor for SARS virus?

What kind of infection does this virus cause?

A

ACE 2 on respiratory epithelial cells

SEVERE LRTI w/ HIGH MORTALITY!

39
Q

How do we diagnose SARS?

How do we prevent it from spreading?

A
  • PCR

- Quarantine infected and exposed individuals (home, work, or social)

40
Q

Which genus within Adenovirus family can infect humans?

A

Mastadenovirus genus

41
Q

Describe the Adenovirus genome/ structure (capsid? envelope?)

A
  • Linear dsDNA
  • Capsid (252 capsomers: 240 hexons, 12 pentons)
  • No envelope Adeno and Picorna are NAKED
42
Q

Describe the structure of the adenovirus capsid; where are hexons and pentons found?
What three components make up a penton–which component causes its antigenicity?

A

Hexons (240): found at face; has 6 neighboring capsomers
Pentons (12): found at apices; has 5 neighboring capsomers

1 Penton = base, fiber (antogenic!), knob

43
Q

Where do adenoviruses replicate?

What are 2 early proteins in this process?

A

Replicates in nucleus

Early proteins = thymidine kinase, DNAP

44
Q

What are 2 important infections caused by adenovirus?

A
  1. 5-50% URTIs

2. Shipyard conjunctivitis

45
Q

What type of disease is caused by Adnenovirues 4 and 7?

A
  • SEVERE respiratory infection w/ possible ONCOGENIC POTENTIAL in military recruits (NOT other counterparts of similar age!)
  • Vaccine went away because of Big Pharma assholes; now there is a new vaccine, and the powers that be are considering working Ad 14 into it as well…
46
Q

Viruses in this section with “no envelope”

A
  • picornaviridae
    (only SSRNA we have learned so far with no envelope)
  • adenovirus
47
Q

1 viral infection of the respiratory system in young kids?

A

RSV (paramyxoviridae –> pneumovirus –> RSV)

48
Q

Virus in this unit with LARGE genome?

A

CORONAviridae! Huge! The KING of the viruses wears the crown; corona for CROWN (spanish word)

49
Q

Where does replication for most RNA viruses occur?

A

cytoplasm!

So most viruses in this unit = cytoplasmic replication EXCEPT adeno because its the only DNA virus!!!!

DT3- EXAM 2 (19 decks)

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